Abstract

Human–carnivore conflict is a persistent challenge in regions where people and wildlife share landscapes, such as the Ruaha-Rungwa area of southern Tanzania. Livestock losses to large carnivores such as lions, leopards, and hyenas not only undermine rural livelihoods but also provoke retaliatory killings, posing a serious threat to biodiversity. A recent study by Salerno et al. (2025) provides fresh insights into how conservation interventions aimed at safeguarding livestock may yield benefits beyond their immediate targets—extending protection even to neighboring households that have not adopted such measures.