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  1. (1 other version)Beyond Suppressing Testosterone: A Categorical System to Achieve a “Level Playing Field” in Sport.Katerina Jennings & Esther Braun - 2023 - American Journal of Bioethics 24 (11):4-17.
    Regulations implemented by World Athletics (WA) require female athletes with differences of sexual development to suppress their blood testosterone levels in order to participate in certain women’s sporting competitions. These regulations have been justified by reference to fairness. In this paper, we reconstruct WA’s understanding of fairness, which requires a “level playing field” where no athlete should have a significant performance advantage based on factors other than talent, dedication, and hard work over an average athlete in their category. We demonstrate (...)
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  • Caster Semenya’s life and achievements are cause for celebration, respect and inclusion; her exclusion is consequential.Morgan Carpenter - 2020 - Journal of Medical Ethics 46 (9):593-594.
    In his paper, Loland1 offers conditional support for 2019 World Athletics ‘differences of sex development’ regulations,2 upheld that year by the Court of Arbitration for Sport 3 in the case of Caster Semenya. He states this is conditional due to the ‘systemic and psycho-somatic’ impact of hormonal treatment. Loland also calls for ‘further analysis of the nature of athlete classification’ and identifies some welcome options for reducing the significance of sex classifications in sport. While Loland identifies ‘essentialist and reductionist definitions (...)
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  • Neurostimulation, doping, and the spirit of sport.Jonathan Pugh & Christopher Pugh - 2020 - Neuroethics 14 (2):141-158.
    There is increasing interest in using neuro-stimulation devices to achieve an ergogenic effect in elite athletes. Although the World Anti-Doping Authority does not currently prohibit neuro-stimulation techniques, a number of researchers have called on WADA to consider its position on this issue. Focusing on trans-cranial direct current stimulation as a case study of an imminent so-called ‘neuro-doping’ intervention, we argue that the emerging evidence suggests that tDCS may meet WADA’s own criteria for a method’s inclusion on its list of prohibited (...)
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  • Expertise and Non-binary Bodies: Sex, Gender and the Case of Dutee Chand.Madeleine Pape - 2019 - Body and Society 25 (4):3-28.
    How do institutions respond to expert contests over epistemologies of sex and gender? In this article, I consider how epistemological ascendancy in debates over the regulation of women athletes with high testosterone is established within a legal setting. Approaching regulation as an institutional act that defines forms of embodied difference, the legitimacy of which may be called into question, I show how sexed bodies are enacted through and as part of determinations of expertise. I focus on proceedings from 2015 when (...)
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  • The Ethics of Motivational Neuro-Doping in Sport: Praiseworthiness and Prizeworthiness. Bowman-Smart, Hilary, Savulescu & Julian - 2020 - Neuroethics 14 (2):205-215.
    Motivational enhancement in sport – a form of ‘neuro-doping’ – can help athletes attain greater achievements in sport. A key question is whether or not that athlete deserves that achievement. We distinguish three concepts – praiseworthiness, prizeworthiness, and admiration – which are closely related. However, in sport, they can come apart. The most praiseworthy athlete may not be the most prizeworthy, and so on. Using a model of praiseworthiness as costly commitment to a valuable end, and situating prizeworthiness within the (...)
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  • The legacy of Caster Semenya: examining the normative basis for the construction of categories in sport.Silvia Camporesi - 2020 - Journal of Medical Ethics 46 (9):597-598.
    Caster Semenya is done with track and field. At 29, her hopes for a continued career as a professional middle-distance runner are dashed. After her case against International Association for Athletics Federation 1 was dismissed by the Court for Arbitration of Sport on 1 May 2019, she has switched to football later in the year.1 Semenya’s case may have come to its legal conclusion, however it has generated an aporia regarding the binary classification in athletics, which has yet to be (...)
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  • Open Categories in Sport: One Way to Decrease Discrimination.Irena Martínková - 2020 - Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 14 (4):461-477.
    Jane English, a pioneer in feminist sport philosophy, mentioned one simple idea that has received insufficient attention, but its consequences are of great importance for decreasing discrimination...
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  • Out of Bounds? A Critique of the New Policies on Hyperandrogenism in Elite Female Athletes.Katrina Karkazis, Rebecca Jordan-Young, Georgiann Davis & Silvia Camporesi - 2012 - American Journal of Bioethics 12 (7):3-16.
    In May 2011, more than a decade after the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) abandoned sex testing, they devised new policies in response to the IAAF's treatment of Caster Semenya, the South African runner whose sex was challenged because of her spectacular win and powerful physique that fueled an international frenzy questioning her sex and legitimacy to compete as female. These policies claim that atypically high levels of endogenous testosterone in women (caused by (...)
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  • Prioritarianism.Nils Holtug - 2007 - In Nils Holtug & Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen (eds.), Egalitarianism: new essays on the nature and value of equality. New York: Clarendon Press. pp. 125--156.
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  • Leveling (down) the playing field: performance diminishments and fairness in sport.Sebastian Jon Holmen, Thomas Søbirk Petersen & Jesper Ryberg - 2023 - Journal of Medical Ethics 49 (7):502-505.
    The 2018 eligibility regulation for female competitors with differences of sexual development (DSD) issued by World Athletics requires competitors with DSD with blood testosterone levels at or above 5 nmol/L and sufficient androgen sensitivity to be excluded from competition in certain events unless they reduce the level of testosterone in their blood. This paper formalises and then critically assesses the fairness-based argument offered in support of this regulation by the federation. It argues that it is unclear how the biological advantage (...)
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  • A local criterion of fairness in sport: Comparing the property advantages of Caster Semenya and Eero Mäntyranta with implications for the construction of categories in sport.Silvia Camporesi & Mika Hämäläinen - 2020 - Bioethics 35 (3):262-269.
    This paper aims to bring a novel approach to the discussion of unfair advantages in sport by looking for a local criterion of fairness instead of a universal criterion. A local criterion of fairness would not solve the general dispute over what counts as an unfair advantage, but it would be beneficial in evaluating specific cases and could guide further discussion about them. We seek a local criterion of fairness by comparing the specific property advantages of Caster Semenya and Eero (...)
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  • Impossible “Choices”: The Inherent Harms of Regulating Women’s Testosterone in Sport.Katrina Karkazis & Morgan Carpenter - 2018 - Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 15 (4):579-587.
    In April 2018, the International Association of Athletics Federations released new regulations placing a ceiling on women athletes’ natural testosterone levels to “ensure fair and meaningful competition.” The regulations revise previous ones with the same intent. They require women with higher natural levels of testosterone and androgen sensitivity who compete in a set of “restricted” events to lower their testosterone levels to below a designated threshold. If they do not lower their testosterone, women may compete in the male category, in (...)
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