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  1. Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood.Susan Nolen-Hoeksema & Jannay Morrow - 1993 - Cognition and Emotion 7 (6):561-570.
    Mildly-to-moderately depressed and nondepressed subjects were randomly assigned to spend 8 minutes focusing their attention on their current feeling states and personal characteristics (rumination condition) or on descriptions of geographic locations and objects (distraction condition). Depressed subjects in the rumination condition became significantly more depressed, whereas depressed subjects in the distraction condition became significantly less depressed. Rumination and distraction did not affect the moods of nondepressed subjects. These results support the hypothesis that ruminative responses to depressed mood exacerbate and prolong (...)
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  • Motivational and emotional aspects of the self.Mark R. Leary - manuscript
    Recent theory and research are reviewed regarding self-related motives (self-enhancement, self-verification, and self-expansion) and self-conscious emotions (guilt, shame, pride, social anxiety, and embarrassment), with an emphasis on how these motivational and emotional aspects of the self might be related. Specifically, these motives and emotions appear to function to protect people's social well-being. The motives to self-enhance, self-verify, and self-expand are partly rooted in people's concerns with social approval and acceptance, and self-conscious emotions arise in response to events that have real (...)
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  • Self-memory biases in explicit and incidental encoding of trait adjectives.David J. Turk, Sheila J. Cunningham & C. Neil Macrae - 2008 - Consciousness and Cognition 17 (3):1040-1045.
    An extensive literature has demonstrated that encoding information in a self-referential manner enhances subsequent memory performance. This ‘self-reference effect’ is generally elicited in paradigms that require participants to evaluate the self-descriptiveness of personality characteristics. Extending work of this kind, the current research explored the possibility that explicit evaluative processing is not a necessary precondition for the emergence of this effect. Rather, responses to self cues may enhance item encoding even in the absence of explicit evaluative instructions. We explored this hypothesis (...)
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  • Ironic processes of mental control.Daniel M. Wegner - 1994 - Psychological Review 101 (1):34-52.
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  • Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making.Shane Frederick - 2005 - Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 (4):25-42.
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  • Brief report.Johannes Hewig, Dirk Hagemann, Jan Seifert, Mario Gollwitzer, Ewald Naumann & Dieter Bartussek - 2005 - Cognition and Emotion 19 (7):1095-1109.
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  • Yours or mine? Ownership and memory.Sheila J. Cunningham, David J. Turk, Lynda M. Macdonald & C. Neil Macrae - 2008 - Consciousness and Cognition 17 (1):312-318.
    An important function of the self is to identify external objects that are potentially personally relevant. We suggest that such objects may be identified through mere ownership. Extant research suggests that encoding information in a self-relevant context enhances memory , thus an experiment was designed to test the impact of ownership on memory performance. Participants either moved or observed the movement of picture cards into two baskets; one of which belonged to self and one which belonged to another participant. A (...)
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  • Suppression of novel stimuli: Changes in accessibility of suppressed nonverbalizable shapes.Rhiannon E. Hart & Jonathan W. Schooler - 2012 - Consciousness and Cognition 21 (3):1541-1546.
    Recently, a new method of considering successful intentional thought suppression has emerged. This method, the think/no-think paradigm has been utilized over a multitude of settings and has fairly robustly demonstrated the ability to interfere with memory recall. The following experiment examined the effect of intentional thought suppression on recognition memory of nonverbalizeable shapes. In this experiment, participants learned word–shape targets. For some of the pairs, they rehearsed the shape when presented with the word; for others, they suppressed the shape when (...)
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