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  1. Problems and paradigms: Redundancies, development and the flow of information.Diethard Tautz - 1992 - Bioessays 14 (4):263-266.
    There is increasing evidence for the wide‐spread existence of functionally redundant genetic pathways in developmental processes. However, both their significance and manner of evolution are still matters of debate. I will argue here that redundancy of gene actions may, in fact, be a necessary requirement for the development and evolution of complex life forms. One can view development as a process that transmits information from the egg to the adult organism. Transmission of information is, however, always an error‐prone process, which (...)
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  • Distributed robustness versus redundancy as causes of mutational robustness.Andreas Wagner - 2005 - Bioessays 27 (2):176-188.
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  • The nature of robustness in development.H. F. Nijhout - 2002 - Bioessays 24 (6):553-563.
    A trait is robust to a genetic or environmental variable if its variation is weakly correlated with variation in that variable. The source of robustness lies in the fact that the developmental processes that give rise to complex traits are nonlinear. A consequence of this nonlinearity is that not all genes are equally correlated with the trait whose ontogeny they control. Here we explore how developmental mechanisms determine and alter the correlation structure between genes and the traits that they control. (...)
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