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  1. Empirical reconciliation of atmosphere and conversion interpretations of syllogistic reasoning errors.Ian Begg & J. Peter Denny - 1969 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 81 (2):351.
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  • An atmosphere effect in formal syllogistic reasoning.R. S. Woodworth & S. B. Sells - 1935 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 18 (4):451.
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  • Deduction as verbal reasoning.Thad A. Polk & Allen Newell - 1995 - Psychological Review 102 (3):533-566.
    Most theories of deduction have assumed that linguistic processes transduce from language into an internal representation and back again, and that non-linguistic processes are central to deduction itself. In this article it is proposed that for deduction tasks for which the necessary information is provided verbally, the heart of deduction for untrained participants involves repeatedly reencoding the problem, a type of behavior referred to here as verbal reasoning. It is shown that model theory accounts of behavior on most deduction tasks (...)
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  • Syllogistic inference.P. N. Johnson-Laird & Bruno G. Bara - 1984 - Cognition 16 (1):1-61.
    This paper reviews current psychological theories of syllogistic inference and establishes that despite their various merits they all contain deficiencies as theories of performance. It presents the results of two experiments, one using syllogisms and the other using three-term series problems, designed to elucidate how the arrangement of terms within the premises affects performance. These data are used in the construction of a theory based on the hypothesis that reasoners construct mental models of the premises, formulate informative conclusions about the (...)
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  • Two modes of mental representation and problem solution in syllogistic reasoning.Marilyn Ford - 1995 - Cognition 54 (1):1-71.
    In this paper, the theory of syllogistic reasoning proposed by Johnson-Laird is shown to be inadequate and an alternative theory is put forward. Protocols of people attempting to solve syllogistic problems and explaining to another person how they reached their conclusions were obtained. Two main groups of subjects were identified. One group represented the relationship between classes in a spatial manner that was supplemented by a verbal representation. The other group used a primarily verbal representation. A detailed theory of the (...)
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  • (1 other version)A Cognitive Theory of Graphical and Linguistic Reasoning: Logic and Implementation.Keith Stenning & Jon Oberlander - 1995 - Cognitive Science 19 (1):97-140.
    We discuss external and internal graphical and linguistic representational systems. We argue that a cognitive theory of peoples' reasoning performance must account for (a) the logical equivalence of inferences expressed in graphical and linguistic form, and (b) the implementational differences that affect facility of inference. Our theory proposes that graphical representation limit abstraction and thereby aid “processibility”. We discuss the ideas of specificity and abstraction, and their cognitive relevance. Empirical support both comes from tasks which involve the manipulation of external (...)
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  • Image and language in human reasoning: A syllogistic illustration.Keith Stenning & Peter Yule - 1997 - Cognitive Psychology 34:109--159.
    Existing accounts of syllogistic reasoning oppose rule-based and model-based methods. Stenning \& Oberlander show that the latter are isomorphic to well-known graphical methods, when these are correctly interpreted. We here extend these results by showing that equivalent sentential implementations exist, thus revealing that all these theories are members of a family of abstract {\it individual identification algorithms} variously implemented in diagrams or sentences. This abstract logical analysis suggests a novel {\it individual identification task} for observing syllogistic reasoning processes. Comparison of (...)
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