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  1. Leibniz's principle of the identity of indiscernibles: A false principle.Alberto Cortes - 1976 - Philosophy of Science 43 (4):491-505.
    In considering the possibility that the fundamental particles of matter might violate Leibniz's Principle, one is confronted with logical proofs that the Principle is a Theorem of Logic. This paper shows that the proof of that theorem is not universal enough to encompass entities that might not be unique, and also strongly suggests that photons, for example, do violate Leibniz's Principle. It also shows that the existence of non-individuals would imply the breakdown of Quine's criterion of ontological commitment.
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  • Does quantum mechanics disprove the principle of the identity of indiscernibles?R. L. Barnette - 1978 - Philosophy of Science 45 (3):466-470.
    Alberto Cortes, in [1], attempts to show that Leibniz's Principle of The Identity of Indiscernibles is a principle restricted to individuals, and that photons appear to violate L. L is stated by Leibniz as “no two substances are completely similar, or differ solo numero.” In second-order quantification theory with identity L becomes.
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