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  1. Are viruses alive? The replicator paradigm sheds decisive light on an old but misguided question.Eugene V. Koonin & Petro Starokadomskyy - 2016 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 59:125-134.
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  • Do all creatures possess an acquired immune system of some sort?Jacob Rimer, Irun R. Cohen & Nir Friedman - 2014 - Bioessays 36 (3):273-281.
    Recent findings have provided evidence for the existence of non‐vertebrate acquired immunity. We survey these findings and propose that all living organisms must express both innate and acquired immunity. This is opposed to the paradigm that only vertebrates manifest the two forms of immune mechanism; other species are thought to use innate immunity alone. We suggest new definitions of innate and acquired immunity, based on whether immune recognition molecules are encoded in the inherited genome or are generated through somatic processes. (...)
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