This book should prove provocative reading for philosophers, political scientists, social theorists, professionals of many stripes, and ethicists.

In this important new study Ian Hacking continues the enquiry into the origins and development of certain characteristic modes of contemporary thought undertaken in such previous works as his best selling Emergence of Probability. Professor Hacking shows how by the late nineteenth century it became possible to think of statistical patterns as explanatory in themselves, and to regard the world as not necessarily deterministic in character. Combining detailed scientific historical research with characteristic philosophic breath and verve, The Taming of Chance (...) brings out the relations among philosophy, the physical sciences, mathematics and the development of social institutions, and provides a unique and authoritative analysis of the "probabilization" of the Western world. (shrink)

Few issues in business ethics are as polarizing as the practice of risk classification and underwrit­ ing in the insurance industry. Theorists who approach the issue from a background in economics often start from the assumption that policy-holders should be charged a rate that reflects the ex­ pected loss that they bring to the insurance scheme. Yet theorists who approach the question from a background in philosophy or civil rights law often begin with a presumption against socalled “actuarially fair” premiums (...) and in favor of “community rating,” in which everyone is charged the same price. This paper begins by examining and rejecting the three primary argu­ ments that have been given to show that actuarially fair premiums are unjust. It then considers the two primary arguments that have been offered by those who wish to defend the practice of risk classification. These arguments overshoot their target, by requiring a “freedom to under­ write” that is much greater than the level of freedom enjoyed in most other commercial transac­ tions. The paper concludes by presenting a defense of a more limited right to underwrite, one that grants the legitimacy of the central principle of risk classification, but permits specific deviations from that ideal when other important social goods are at stake. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage est la thèse de doctorat en médecine présentée en 1943 par Georges Canguilhem, augmentée, lors de sa réédition vingt ans plus tard, de réflexions philosophiques sur la signification du terme « normal » en médecine. La thèse débute par une étude historique sur l’identité des phénomènes normaux et pathologiques, dogme de la pensée médicale au XIXe siècle. La seconde partie est une étude systématique, sous la forme d’une analyse critique, des concepts de normal et de pathologique. Georges Canguilhem (...) (1904-1995), philosophe puis médecin, contribua à rénover l’épistémologie française. (shrink)