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  1. Water rights, gender, and poverty alleviation. Inclusion and exclusion of women and men smallholders in public irrigation infrastructure development.Barbara van Koppen - 1998 - Agriculture and Human Values 15 (4):361-374.
    Governmental and non-governmentalagencies worldwide have devoted considerablefinancial, technical, and organizational efforts toconstruct or rehabilitate irrigation infrastructure inthe last three decades. Although rural povertyalleviation was often one of their aims, evidenceshows that rights to irrigated land and water wererarely vested in poor men, and even less in poorwomen. In spite of the strong role of irrigationagencies in vesting rights to irrigated land and waterin some people and not in others, the importance ofagencies‘ targeting practices is still ignored.This article disentangles how public (...)
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  • Bargaining with patriarchy.Deniz Kandiyoti - 1988 - Gender and Society 2 (3):274-290.
    This article argues that systematic comparative analyses of women's strategies and coping mechanisms lead to a more culturally and temporally grounded understanding of patriarchal systems than the unqualified, abstract notion of patriarchy encountered in contemporary feminist theory. Women strategize within a set of concrete constraints, which I identify as patriarchal bargains. Different forms of patriarchy present women with distinct “rules of the game” and call for different strategies to maximize security and optimize life options with varying potential for active or (...)
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  • Gender, irrigation, and environment: Arguing for agency. [REVIEW]Cecile Jackson - 1998 - Agriculture and Human Values 15 (4):313-324.
    This paper is not a critique of waterpolicies, or an advocacy of alternatives, but rathersuggests a shift of emphasis in the ways in whichgender analysis is applied to water, development, andenvironmental issues. It argues that feministpolitical ecology provides a generally strongerframework for understanding these issues thanecofeminism, but cautions against a reversion tomaterialist approaches in reactions to ecofeminismthat, like ecofeminism, can be static and ignore theagency of women and men. The paper draws attention tothe subjectivities of women and their embodiedlivelihoods as (...)
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  • Gender, Class, and Access to Water: Three Cases in a Poor and Crowded Delta.Ben Crow & Farhana Sultana - 2002 - Society and Natural Resources 15 (8):709-724.
    Water plays a pivotal role in economic activity and in human well-being. Because of the prominence of water in production and in domestic use, conflict over water and the effects of gender-influenced decisions about water may have far-reaching consequences on human well-being, economic growth, and social change. At the same time, social conflicts and social change are shaped and mediated, often in unexpected ways, by the natural conditions in which water occurs. The social relations of water are poorly understood. This (...)
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  • Women‘s land rights in Gambian irrigated rice schemes: Constraints and opportunities. [REVIEW]Judith A. Carney - 1998 - Agriculture and Human Values 15 (4):325-336.
    This paper discusses the significance of gender-based conflicts for thefailure of Gambian irrigated rice projects. In particular, it illustrateshow resource control of a gendered crop, rice, shifts from females to maleswith the development of pump-irrigated rice projects. Irrigation imposes aradically different labor regime on household producers, demanding thatthey intensify labor for year-round cultivation. Yet, the Gambian farmingsystem evolved for a five month agricultural calendar, in which women wereaccorded specific land and labor rights. The need to restructure familylabor, specifically skilled female (...)
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  • The Domestication of Women: Discrimination in Developing Societies.Barbara Rogers - 1982 - Science and Society 46 (4):488-490.
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