Political realism in post-World War II America has not been about power alone, but about reconciling power with moral and ethical considerations. The caricature of realism as an expression of amoral realpolitik has been inadequate and false, for realism in the nuclear age has pivoted as much on moral principles as on power politics. Joel H. Rosenthal’s survey of five noteworthy self-proclaimed political realists explores the realists’ overarching commitment to transforming traditional power politics into a form of “responsible power” commensurate (...) with American values. Hans Morgenthau, George Kennan, Reinhold Niebuhr, Walter Lippman, and Dean Acheson—the most important and prolific of the American realists—all fought the excesses of crusading moralism while simultaneously promoting a concept of power politics that retained a moral component at its core. This is the story of how architects of containment, present at the creation of the new bipolar world shaped by the threat of “mutual assured destruction,” became ardent critics of that world. It describes realism as a product of a particular time and place—a set of values, assumptions, processes of moral reasoning, and views about America’s role in the world. Much of the current scholarship on the modern American realists dwells on the alleged inconsistencies of realism as a political theory, and the tortuous mixture of piety and detachment exhibited in the lives of the realists themselves. Rosenthal takes the opposite tack, assembling the ties that bind realism into a coherent world view, rather than deconstructing it into irreconcilable fragments. Rosenthal maintains that the postwar American realists may be best understood as products of the historical and cultural context from which they emerged. Their attempts to articulate a “public philosophy” and integrate values into decision making in international affairs reflected their views on both the way the world “is” and the way the world “ought to be.” This study explains realism as an effort to articulate a prescriptive framework for working toward the ideal while living in the real. In doing so, it reveals the realists’ insistence on evaluating competing claims and on accepting paradox as an inevitable component of moral choice. (shrink)

Book reviewed in this article: Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry. By James Turner Johnson.

In this wide-ranging philosophical inquiry, Greg Russell considers the pioneering work of Hans J. Morgenthau, one of twentieth-century America's leading political philosophers. Making extensive use of the Morgenthau Papers at the University of Virginia, Russell differentiates Morgenthau's philosophy of realism from the European heritage of Machiavellianism or raison d'etat. He also evaluates Morgenthau's commentary on the nature of moral choice in political existence. After identifying Morgentau's ideological predecessors in Europe, Russell documents his departure from the canons of raison d'etat. He (...) identifies Morgenthau's profound regard for the underlying purposes and ideals of American society. Morgenthau's objective, according to Russell, was to harmonize the successful defense of the national interest with the promotion of desirable values in foreign policy. The American statesman believed that the principles of morality and the necessities of power are not mutually exclusive categories by which to define the scope and objectives of the national interest. In Morgenthau's view, a responsible foreign policy must begin with the practical necessities of survival and the maintenance of a balance of power and, at the same time, accommodate the transcendent values of the American people, who insists upon universal moral principles. (shrink)