The central debate of natural theology among medieval Muslims and Jews concerned whether or not the world was eternal. Opinions divided sharply on this issue because the outcome bore directly on God's relationship with the world: eternity implies a deity bereft of will, while a world with a beginning leads to the contrasting picture of a deity possessed of will. In this exhaustive study of medieval Islamic and Jewish arguments for eternity, creation, and the existence of God, Herbert Davidson provides (...) a systematic classification of the proofs, analyzes and explains them, and traces their sources in Greek philosophy. Throughout the study, Davidson tries to take into account every argument of a philosophical character, disregarding only those arguments that rest entirely on religious faith or which fall below a minimal level of plausibility. (shrink)

This study charts the development of creed formulation in Judaism from its inception with Moses Maimonides (1135-1204) to the beginning of the 16th century, when systematic attention to the problem disappeared from the agenda of Jewish intellectuals. Kellner describes, analyzes, and compares the dogmatic systems of Maimonides, Duran, Crescas, Albo, Bibago, Abravanel, and many others, and provides English translations of several previously unexamined or untranslated texts.

Crescas’s position on human freedom is dialectically rooted in the philosophy of his medieval predecessor, Gersonides. Crescas accepts Gersonides’s view that although the celestial bodies influence human affairs, human beings have the ability to overcome their predetermined fate. However, Crescas rejects Gersonides’s premise that God only knows the universal aspect of the particular. Crescas contends that God’s commandments give their followers the means to obtain freedom from the effects of the heavenly bodies, without denying that practical deliberation is still required (...) in order to actualize God’s promises, even if God knows how the individual will achieve the promised outcome. (shrink)

This work focuses on the conception of God of the medieval Jewish philosopher and legal scholar, Hasdai Crescas (1340-1410/11). It demonstrates that Crescas’ God is infinitely creative and good and explores the parallel that Crescas implicitly draws between God as creator and legislator.

More than any other topic, prophecy represents the point at which the Divine meets the human, the Absolute meets the relative. How can a human being attain the Word of God? In what manner does God, when conceived as eternal and transcendent, address corporeal, transitory creatures? What happens to God's divine Truth when it is beheld by minds limited in their power to apprehend, and influenced by the intellectual currents of their time and place? How were these issues viewed by (...) the great Jewish philosophers of the past, who took the divine communication and all it entails seriously, while at the same time desired to understand it as much as humanly possible in the course of dealing with a myriad of other issues that occupied their attention? This book offers an in-depth study of prophecy in the thought of seven of the leading medieval Jewish philosophers: R. Saadiah Gaon, R. Judah Halevi, Maimonides, Gersonides, R. Hasdai Crescas, R. Joseph Albo and Baruch Spinoza. It attempts to capture the `original voice' of these thinkers by looking at the intellectual milieus in which they developed their philosophies, and by carefully analyzing their views in their textual contexts. It also deals with the relation between the earlier approaches and the later ones. Overall, this book presents a significant model for narrating the history of an idea. (shrink)

Si Dieu sait absolument toute chose à l'avance, en quoi consiste le libre arbitre des hommes? Quel est le sens d'une telle liberté si, en définitive, le choix de l'homme sera toujours et nécessairement celui prévu par Dieu? Et si l'on suppose que les décisions humaines sont imprévisibles, comment Dieu planifie-t-Il Sa providence? Telles sont les questions qui ont immanquablement hanté les esprits dès lors que fut posé l'un des paradoxes les plus déconcertants de la théologie monothéiste : la croyance (...) simultanée en l'omniscience divine et le libre arbitre humain. En filigrane, c'est la mystérieuse frontière qui départage le champ d'action divin et humain dans le devenir du monde qui est en question. Jamais encore entreprise, la présente enquête passe en revue les principales tentatives des penseurs juifs de lever la contradiction, depuis les auteurs bibliques jusqu'aux temps contemporains. Elle illustre le formidable foisonnement d'idées, la confrontation délicate entre raison et religion et le courage intellectuel exceptionnel qui a amené certains penseurs à bouleverser bien des idées préconçues. Elle révèle aussi combien les penseurs juifs étaient pénétrés des conceptions philosophiques de leur temps jusqu'à prendre en considération les réflexions des théologiens musulmans et chrétiens pour mieux définir leur conception du judaïsme. Enfin, à partir de cette étude historique et comparative, l'auteur montre quelles perspectives pertinentes et novatrices s'offrent à la théologie moderne pour définir le rapport de Dieu au monde. Sans rien céder sur la rigueur de l'analyse, l'ouvrage ne s'adresse pas qu'aux érudits. Les illustrations, le lexique des termes spécialisés, ainsi que les divers appendices explicatifs, fournissent au lecteur profane tous les outils indispensables à la lisibilité du texte. De la sorte, c'est à une véritable initiation à la philosophie juive, dont la richesse demeure encore insoupçonnée, qu'est convié le lecteur. (shrink)