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  1. The Politics of Stakeholder Theory.R. Edward Freeman - 1994 - Business Ethics Quarterly 4 (4):409-421.
    The purpose of this paper is to enter the conversation about stakeholder theory with the goal of clarifying certain foundational issues. I want to show, along with Boatright, that there is no stakeholder paradox, and that the principle on which such a paradox is built, the Separation Thesis, is nicely self-serving to business and ethics academics. If we give up such a thesis we find there is no stakeholder theory but that stakeholder theory becomes a genre that is quite rich. (...)
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  • Stakeholder Theory and A Principle of Fairness.Robert A. Phillips - 1997 - Business Ethics Quarterly 7 (1):51-66.
    Stakeholder theory has become a central issue in the literature on business ethics / business and society. There are, however, a number of problems with stakeholder theory as currently understood. Among these are: 1) the lack of a coherent justificatory framework, 2) the problem of adjudicating between stakeholders, and 3) the problem of stakeholder identification. In this essay, I propose that a possible source of obligations to stakeholders is the principle of fairness (or fair play) as discussed in the political (...)
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  • Organizational Justice and Ethics Program “Follow-Through”: Influences on Employees’ Harmful and Helpful Behavior.Gary R. Weaver - 2001 - Business Ethics Quarterly 11 (4):651-671.
    Abstract:Organizational justice and injustice are widely noted influences on employees’ ethical behavior. Corporate ethics programs also raise issues of justice; organizations that fail to “follow-through” on their ethics policies may be perceived as violating employees’ expectations of procedural and retributive justice. In this empirical study of four large corporations, we considered employees’ perceptions of general organizational justice, and their perceptions of ethics program follow-through, in relation to unethical behavior that harms the organization, and to employees’ willingness to help the organization (...)
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  • Coping With Paradox.Jerry M. Calton & Steven L. Payne - 2003 - Business and Society 42 (1):7-42.
    A notable feature of paradox is recognition that seemingly contradictory terms are inextricably intertwined and interrelated—holding out the hope that something new can be learned from the cognitive tension contained within. Aram has characterized the central concern of the business and society field as the paradox of interdependent relations. Our study argues that this and related paradoxes can be addressed by engaging with others and trying to gain shared insight via an interactive, developmental, exploratory sensemaking process that can inform the (...)
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  • If Fairness is the Problem, Is Consent the Solution? Integrating ISCT and Stakeholder Theory.Harry J. van Buren Iii - 2001 - Business Ethics Quarterly 11 (3):481-499.
    Abstract:Work on stakeholder theory has proceeded on a variety of fronts; as Donaldson and Preston (1995) have noted, such work can be parsed into descriptive, instrumental, and normative research streams. In a normative vein, Phillips (1997) has made an argument for a principle of fairness as a means of identifying and adjudicating among stakeholders. In this essay, I propose that a reconstructed principle of fairness can be combined with the idea of consent as outlined in integrative social contract theory (ISCT) (...)
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  • If Fairness is the Problem, Is Consent the Solution? Integrating ISCT and Stakeholder Theory.Harry J. Van Buren - 2001 - Business Ethics Quarterly 11 (3):481-499.
    Abstract:Work on stakeholder theory has proceeded on a variety of fronts; as Donaldson and Preston (1995) have noted, such work can be parsed into descriptive, instrumental, and normative research streams. In a normative vein, Phillips (1997) has made an argument for a principle of fairness as a means of identifying and adjudicating among stakeholders. In this essay, I propose that a reconstructed principle of fairness can be combined with the idea of consent as outlined in integrative social contract theory (ISCT) (...)
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  • (2 other versions)Remarks on Legitimation through Human Rights.Jürgen Habermas & William Rehg - 1998 - Modern Schoolman 75 (2):87-100.
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  • A critique of the empirical methods of integrative social contracts theory.Bryan W. Husted - 1999 - Journal of Business Ethics 20 (3):227 - 235.
    Integrative social contracts theory (ISCT) uses empirical methods to develop guidelines for international business ethics. This article criticizes ISCT in terms of the way people actually think about contracts and agreements around the globe. Differences in orientations to communications context, moral reasoning, and institutional and structural conditions make the identification of authentic norms, hypernorms, and relevant communities problematic. The difficulties of the empirical methods suggest recourse to more traditional theoretical approaches for the identification of hypernorms as well as a stronger (...)
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  • (2 other versions)Remarks on legitimation through human rights.Jürgen Habermas & William Rehg - 1998 - Philosophy and Social Criticism 24 (2-3):157-171.
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  • Special Issue: "Business Ethics in a Global Economy".Duane Windsor - 2004 - Business Ethics Quarterly 14 (4):729-754.
    :International business norms do not exist. Content and development of such norms is a significant research question for business ethics scholarship. Any norms must address difficult practical and moral problems facing multinational enterprises. The author’s thesis is as follows. A key circumstance is that international relations remain a Hobbesian state of nature. The theoretical solution of a global sovereignty for norm formulation and enforcement is unlikely. The business ethics literature proposes other insightful but theoretical and conflicting solutions to abstract wealth-responsibility (...)
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  • The Distribution of Life‐Saving Pharmaceuticals: Viewing the Conflict Between Social Efficiency and Economic Efficiency Through a Social Contract Lens.William D. Reisel & Linda M. Sama - 2003 - Business and Society Review 108 (3):365-387.
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  • A Global Code of Business Ethics.Payne Dinah, Raiborn Cecily & Askvik Jorn - 1997 - Journal of Business Ethics 16 (16):1727-1735.
    The international economy is changing at a rapid rate. The alteration and reduction of both geographical and political borders, coupled with the growing interdependence of socially, politically, economically, and legally diverse countries, have caused multinational corporate entities to revise various policies. These revisions include revisions in marketing strategies, strategic alliances, product and service strategies and, perhaps most importantly as it affects all strategies, a MNC's approach to ethical systems. The truly global company must come to grips with the legal and (...)
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  • Do internal due process system permit adequate political and moral space for ethics voice, praxis, and community?Richard P. Nielsen - 2000 - Journal of Business Ethics 24 (1):1 - 27.
    Internal due process systems are the formal mechanisms thatmany organizations use to address and resolve ethics conflicts.Problematical due process systems such asinvestigation-punishment and grievance-arbitration systemsnarrowly constrain the political and moral space needed formeaningful ethics voice, praxis, and community. The relativelyuncommon employee board and mediator-counselor types of systemscan help solve such problems. The employee board andmediator-counselor systems permit questioning not only of guiltwith respect to policy violations but also the appropriateness ofthe policies as well as potential biases in an organization'sembedded tradition-system (...)
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  • (2 other versions)Remarks on legitimation through human rights.Habermas Jürgen & Rehg William - 1998 - Philosophy and Social Criticism 24 (2-3):157-171.
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  • Business Ethics and Politics in China.Paul Steidlmeier - 1997 - Business Ethics Quarterly 7 (3):131-143.
    Abstract:Business ethics in China is highly politicized, both within China as well as on the global scene. Over the past years many issues of business ethics have arisen. It turns out that the Chinese often have a different set of ethical priorities with respect to the economy than do their Western counterparts. China possesses rich and well-developed ethical traditions that provide a meaningful basis for evaluating its own problems. This article reviews China’s ethical heritage and, at the same time, takes (...)
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  • International codes of conduct: An analysis of ethical reasoning. [REVIEW]Kathleen A. Getz - 1990 - Journal of Business Ethics 9 (7):567 - 577.
    Four international codes of conduct (those of the International Chamber of Commerce, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the International Labor Organization, and the United Nations Commission on Transnational Corporations) are analyzed to determine the ethical bases of the behaviors they prescribe for multinational enterprises (MNEs). Although the four codes emphasize different aspects of business behavior, there is substantial agreement regarding many of the moral duties of MNEs. It is suggested that MNEs are morally bound to recognize the codes (...)
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