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  1. Collaborative Discovery in a Scientific Domain.Takeshi Okada & Herbert A. Simon - 1997 - Cognitive Science 21 (2):109-146.
    This study compares Pairs of subjects with Single subjects in a task of discovering scientific laws with the aid of experiments. Subjects solved a molecular genetics task in a computer micro‐world (Dunbar, 1993). Pairs were more successful in discovery than Singles and participated more actively in explanatory activities (i.e., entertaining hypotheses and considering alternative ideas and justifications). Explanatory activities were effective for discovery only when the subjects also conducted crucial experiments. Explanatory activities were facilitated when paired subjects made requests of (...)
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  • The Nature of External Representations in Problem Solving.Jiajie Zhang - 1997 - Cognitive Science 21 (2):179-217.
    This article proposes a theoretical framework for external representation based problem solving. The Tic‐Tac‐Toe and its isomorphs are used to illustrate the procedures of the framework as a methodology and test the predictions of the framework as a functional model. Experimental results show that the behavior in the Tic‐Tac‐Toe is determined by the directly available information in external and internal representations in terms of perceptual and cognitive biases, regardless of whether the biases are consistent with, inconsistent with, or irrelevant to (...)
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  • Adapting the Environment instead of Oneself.David Kirsh - 1996 - Adaptive Behavior 4 (3-4):415-452.
    This paper examines some of the methods animals and humans have of adapting their environment. Because there are limits on how many different tasks a creature can be designed to do well in, creatures with the capacity to redesign their environments have an adaptive advantage over those who can only passively adapt to existing environmental structures. To clarify environmental redesign I rely on the formal notion of a task environment as a directed graph where the nodes are states and the (...)
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  • The intelligent use of space.David Kirsh - 1995 - Artificial Intelligence 73 (1--2):31-68.
    The objective of this essay is to provide the beginning of a principled classification of some of the ways space is intelligently used. Studies of planning have typically focused on the temporal ordering of action, leaving as unaddressed questions of where to lay down instruments, ingredients, work-in-progress, and the like. But, in having a body, we are spatially located creatures: we must always be facing some direction, have only certain objects in view, be within reach of certain others. How we (...)
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  • On distinguishing epistemic from pragmatic action.David Kirsh & Paul Maglio - 1994 - Cognitive Science 18 (4):513-49.
    We present data and argument to show that in Tetris - a real-time interactive video game - certain cognitive and perceptual problems are more quickly, easily, and reliably solved by performing actions in the world rather than by performing computational actions in the head alone. We have found that some translations and rotations are best understood as using the world to improve cognition. These actions are not used to implement a plan, or to implement a reaction; they are used to (...)
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  • Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth 10, 000 word.Jill H. Larkin & Herbert A. Simon - 1987 - Cognitive Science 11 (1):65-99.
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  • Constructive Interaction and the Iterative Process of Understanding.Naomi Miyake - 1986 - Cognitive Science 10 (2):151-177.
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  • Shuttling Between Depictive Models and Abstract Rules: Induction and Fallback.Daniel L. Schwartz & John B. Black - 1996 - Cognitive Science 20 (4):457-497.
    A productive way to think about imagistic mental models of physical systems is as though they were sources of quasi‐empirical evidence. People depict or imagine events at those points in time when they would experiment with the world if possible. Moreover, just as they would do when observing the world, people induce patterns of behavior from the results depicted in their imaginations. These resulting patterns of behavior can then be cast into symbolic rules to simplify thinking about future problems and (...)
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  • Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words.Jill H. Larkin & Herbert A. Simon - 1987 - Cognitive Science 11 (1):65-100.
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  • Representations in Distributed Cognitive Tasks.Jiaje Zhang & Donald A. Norman - 1994 - Cognitive Science 18 (1):87-122.
    In this article we propose a theoretical framework of distributed representations and a methodology of representational analysis for the study of distributed cognitive tasks—tasks that require the processing of information distributed across the internal mind and the external environment. The basic principle of distributed representations Is that the representational system of a distributed cognitive task is a set of internal and external representations, which together represent the abstract structure of the task. The basic strategy of representational analysis is to decompose (...)
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  • Can mental images be ambiguous?D. Chambers & Daniel Reisberg - 1985 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 11:317-28.
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  • Cognition in the Wild.Edward Hutchins - 1995 - Critica 27 (81):101-105.
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