Antibiotic resistance is a critical threat to human and animal health. Despite the importance of antibiotics, regulators continue to allow antibiotics to be used in low-value applications - subtherapeutic dosing in animals, and spraying tobacco plants for blue mold, for example - where the benefits are unlikely to outweigh the costs in terms of increased resistance. We explore the application of a user fee in non-human uses of antibiotics. Such a fee would efficiently deter low value uses while also providing (...) funding to support the development of the urgently needed new antibiotics. (shrink)