Much of the philosophical discussion of punishment has focused on its justification. Consequentialists argue that punishment must be justified by its future consequences. Retributivists argue that punishment must be justified by the ill-desert of the one punished. And there are several philosophical positions on the justification of punishment in between these two: for example, weak or teleological retributivism, which justifies particular instances of punishment by both their consequences and the desert of the offenders, and positions which distinguish between the institution (...) of punishment and specific instances of punishment. (shrink)