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  1. Expectation-Maximization Algorithm of Gaussian Mixture Model for Vehicle-Commodity Matching in Logistics Supply Chain.Qi Sun, Liwen Jiang & Haitao Xu - 2021 - Complexity 2021:1-11.
    A vehicle-commodity matching problem is presented for service providers to reduce the cost of the logistics system. The vehicle classification model is built as a Gaussian mixture model, and the expectation-maximization algorithm is designed to solve the parameter estimation of GMM. A nonlinear mixed-integer programming model is constructed to minimize the total cost of VCMP. The matching process between vehicle and commodity is realized by GMM-EM, as a preprocessing of the solution. The design of the vehicle-commodity matching platform for VCMP (...)
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  • Measuring Social Performance in Social Enterprises: A Global Study of Microfinance Institutions.Leif Atle Beisland, Kwame Ohene Djan, Roy Mersland & Trond Randøy - 2020 - Journal of Business Ethics 171 (1):51-71.
    Social enterprises in the microfinance industry need to adhere to both financial and social demands. Critics argue that there is a mission drift away from the social mission, and this has motivated the introduction of social rating agencies to strengthen the business ethics of microfinance institutions. Using a global dataset of 204 socially rated MFIs from 58 countries, we assess the factors that drive the social performance ratings of MFIs. Overall our results show that social ratings of MFIs are significantly (...)
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