This long-awaited sequel to Benner's earlier book, From Novice to Expert, this volume further analyzes and examines the nature of clinical knowledge and judgment, using the authors' major new research study as its base. The authors interviewed and observed the practice of 130 hospital nurses, mainly in critical care, over a 6-year period, collecting hundreds of clinical narratives from which they have refined and deepened their explanation of the stages of clinical skill acquisition and the components of expert practice.