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  1. The standard of care debate: the Declaration of Helsinki versus the international consensus opinion.R. K. Lie - 2004 - Journal of Medical Ethics 30 (2):190-193.
    The World Medical Association’s revised Declaration of Helsinki endorses the view that all trial participants in every country are entitled to the worldwide best standard of care. In this paper the authors show that this requirement has been rejected by every national and international committee that has examined this issue. They argue that the consensus view now holds that it is ethically permissible, in some circumstances, to provide research participants less than the worldwide best care. Finally, the authors show that (...)
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  • Affordable Access to Essential Medication in Developing Countries: Conflicts Between Ethical and Economic Imperatives1.Udo Schüklenk - 2002 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 27 (2):179-195.
    Recent economic and political advances in developing countries on the African continent and South East Asia are threatened by the rising death and morbidity rates of HIV/AIDS. In the first part of this paper we explain the reasons for the absence of affordable access to essential AIDS medication. In the second part we take a closer look at some of the pivotal frameworks relevant for this situation and undertake an ethical analysis of these frameworks. In the third part we discuss (...)
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  • Protecting Communities in Biomedical Research.Charles Weijer & E. J. Emanuel - unknown
    Although for the last 50 years, ethicists dealing with human experimentation have focused primarily on the need to protect individual research subjects and vulnerable groups, biomedical research, especially in genetics, now requires the establishment of standards for the protection of communities. We have developed such a strategy, based on five steps. (i) Identification of community characteristics relevant to the biomedical research setting, (ii) delineation of a typology of different types of communities using these characteristics, (iii) determination of the range of (...)
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