The psychedelic renaissance did not emerge from a void. While a tremendous upswell of interest in psychedelics can be observed today, there is scant acknowledgment of the current spiritual crisis that has led to this burgeoning enthusiasm. Having lost our sense of the sacred, we have—with disastrous consequences—become alienated from ourselves, others, and the natural environment. Secular psychotherapy and psychiatry have failed to address the myriad mental health problems that are prevalent right now, which has compelled people to desperately look (...) for alternatives to fill the void in their lives. Sacred medicines have been used for millennia in humanity’s traditional cultures as part of their spiritual practices. Now that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAT) is being developed, we must avoid repeating the mistakes of modern psychology, which misguidedly seeks to situate entheogenic therapy on a desacralized foundation of materialism, reductionism, and scientism. Nevertheless, although the full benefit of entheogens can likely be gained only in the context of a sacred tradition, they may still have some measure of therapeutic value even when used in conjunction with secular psychotherapy. This article examines the metaphysical foundations of sacred psychology and argues that entheogenic therapy needs to be grounded on the same basis. The framework employed here is a “transpersonal” perspective that applies the insights found in the world’s great wisdom traditions. It will be argued that the adoption of psychedelics in mental health treatment presupposes a fully integrated psychotherapy that is possible only when it is rooted in a spiritually informed ontology. (shrink)

In light of new historical evidence regarding ethnomycologist R. Gordon Wasson’s correspondence with art historian Erwin Panofsky, this article provides an in-depth analysis of the presence of entheogenic mushroom images in Christian art within the context of the controversy between Wasson and philologist John Marco Allegro over the identification of a Garden of Eden fresco in the 12th century Chapel of Plaincourault in France. It reveals a compelling financial motive for Wasson’s refusal to acknowledge that this fresco represents Amanita muscaria, (...) as well as for Wasson’s reluctance to pursue his hypothesis regarding the entheogenic origins of religion into Christian art and artifacts. While Wasson’s view – that the presence of psychoactive mushrooms in the Near and Middle East ended around 1000 BCE – prevailed and stymied research on entheogens in Christianity for decades, a new generation of 21st century researchers has documented growing evidence of A. muscaria and psilocybin-containing mushrooms in Christian art, consistent with ethnobotanist Giorgio Samorini’s typology of mushroom trees. This article presents original photographs, taken during fieldwork at churches and cathedrals throughout Europe and the Middle East, that confirm the presence of entheogenic mushrooms in Christian art: in frescoes, illuminated manuscripts, mosaics, sculptures, and stained glass windows. Based on this iconic evidence, the article proposes a psychedelic gospels theory and addresses critiques of this theory by art historians, ardent advocates, medieval historians, and conservative Catholics. It calls for the establishment of an Interdisciplinary Committee on the Psychedelic Gospels to independently evaluate the growing body of evidence of entheogenic mushrooms in Christian art in order to resolve a controversial question regarding the possible role of entheogens in the history and origins of Christianity. (shrink)

In this précis I summarise the main ideas of my book Philosophy of Psychedelics. The book discusses philosophical issues arising from the therapeutic use of “classic” psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD. The book is organised around what I call the Comforting Delusion Objection to psychedelic therapy: the concern that this novel and promising treatment relies essentially on the induction of non-naturalistic metaphysical beliefs, rendering it epistemically objectionable. I begin the précis by summarizing material from chapters two and three (...) of the book, which review evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of psychedelics, and the facts about their clinical use that prompt the Comforting Delusion Objection. I then summarize materials from chapters four and five of the book, which argue that psychedelic therapy works neither by experience-independent processes of neuroplasticity, nor by inducing non-naturalistic metaphysical ideations, but by altering mental representations of the self. Next, I summarise the specific, speculative account of how this might work that is developed in chapters six and seven of the book. This account is based on the predictive processing theory of brain function and the self-binding theory of self-representation. Chapters eight and nine of the book argue, on the basis of this account, that psychedelic therapy can have significant epistemic and spiritual benefits that are compatible with a naturalistic worldview. I summarize this material, and then, finally, the overall conclusions about psychedelic therapy drawn in the tenth and final chapter of the book. (shrink)

Abstract: It is the aim of this paper to establish a temporal and cultural link between entheogen-use1 in Classical mystery cults and their possible use in a segment of the early Christian Gnostic Church. As early Christianity was heavily influenced by the Classical world in which it first developed, it is essential to examine the evidence of entheogen-use within Classical mystery cults, and explore their possible influence on the development of Christian ritual. We will first present textual evidence from the (...) New Testament and Nag Hammadi Library (NHL) that indicate possible use of ritual entheogens. Next we will examine entheogen-use by some of the main religious sects of the ancient Mediterranean world as part of their liturgical practice between c. fifth century BCE and the third century CE. Then we will show that the different schools of philosophical thought examined were quite fluid, and that there was considerable overlap among schools with respect to several key philosophies and practices. Ultimately the subject of entheogen-use in the Classical world necessarily falls into the realm of plausible speculation mainly due to the lack of primary sources. However, should the entheogenic hypothesis2 prove to be correct, it promises to be quite useful in future research and in the translation of original documents. (shrink)

The quest for more holistic forms of treatment and healing in modern psychology has been provoked by its sole focus on the management of symptoms. This has led to an alarming rise in the use of psychedelic substances. Yet the true cause behind these maladies of the mind is the burgeoning ‘crisis of meaning’ that we find in the world today. This largely undiagnosed predicament has led to religion being supplanted by psychology, and to the realm of the psyche becoming (...) confused with that of the spiritual. Modern societies have clearly lost a sense of the sacred. To the extent that we fail to see this, the use of entheogens will never be able to replace a true “science of the soul,” which offers a more satisfying conception of reality, and a fuller understanding of what it means to be human. In this way, we may discover a properly integrated approach to healing that is grounded in the deeper wisdom to be found in the world’s time-honored spiritual traditions. (shrink)

hroughout medieval Christianity, religious works of art emerged to illustrate the teachings of the Bible for the largely illiterate population. What, then, is the significance of the psychoactive mushrooms hiding in plain sight in the artwork and icons of many European and Middle-Eastern churches? Does Christianity have a psychedelic history? -/- Providing stunning visual evidence from their anthropological journey throughout Europe and the Middle East, including visits to Roslyn Chapel and Chartres Cathedral, authors Julie and Jerry Brown document the role (...) of visionary plants in Christianity. They retrace the pioneering research of R. Gordon Wasson, the famous “sacred mushroom seeker,” on psychedelics in ancient Greece and India, and among the present-day reindeer herders of Siberia and the Mazatecs of Mexico. Challenging Wasson’s legacy, the authors reveal his secret relationship with the Vatican that led to Wasson’s refusal to pursue his hallucinogen theory into the hallowed halls of Christianity. -/- Examining the Bible and the Gnostic Gospels, the authors provide scriptural support to show that sacred mushrooms were the inspiration for Jesus’ revelation of the Kingdom of Heaven and that he was initiated into these mystical practices in Egypt during the Missing Years. They contend that the Trees of Knowledge and of Immortality in Eden were sacred mushrooms. -/- Uncovering the role played by visionary plants in the origins of Judeo-Christianity, the authors invite us to rethink what we know about the life of Jesus and to consider a controversial theory that challenges us to explore these sacred pathways to the divine. (shrink)

I start with some famous comments by the philosopher (psychologist) Ludwig Wittgenstein because Pinker shares with most people (due to the default settings of our evolved innate psychology) certain prejudices about the functioning of the mind and because Wittgenstein offers unique and profound insights into the workings of language, thought and reality (which he viewed as more or less coextensive) not found anywhere else. The last quote is the only reference Pinker makes to Wittgenstein in this volume, which is most (...) unfortunate considering that he was one of the most brilliant and original analysts of language. -/- In the last chapter, using the famous metaphor of Plato’s cave, he beautifully summarizes the book with an overview of how the mind (language, thought, intentional psychology) –a product of blind selfishness, moderated only slightly by automated altruism for close relatives carrying copies of our genes--works automatically, but tries to end on an upbeat note by giving us hope that we can nevertheless employ its vast capabilities to cooperate and make the world a decent place to live. -/- Pinker is certainly aware of but says little about the fact that far more about our psychology is left out than included. Among windows into human nature that are left out or given minimal attention are math and geometry, music and sounds, images, events and causality, ontology (classes of things), dispositions (believing, thinking, judging, intending etc) and the rest of intentional psychology of action, neurotransmitters and entheogens, spiritual states (e.g, satori and enlightenment, brain stimulation and recording, brain damage and behavioral deficits and disorders, games and sports, decision theory (incl. game theory and behavioral economics), animal behavior (very little language but a billion years of shared genetics). Many books have been written about each of these areas of intentional psychology. The data in this book are descriptions, not explanations that show why our brains do it this way or how it is done. How do we know to use the sentences in their various way (i.e., know all their meanings)? This is evolutionary psychology that operates at a more basic level –the level where Wittgenstein is most active. And there is scant attention to context. -/- Nevertheless this is a classic work and with these cautions is still well worth reading. -/- Those wishing a comprehensive up to date framework for human behavior from the modern two systems view may consult my book ‘The Logical Structure of Philosophy, Psychology, Mind and Language in Ludwig Wittgenstein and John Searle’ 2nd ed (2019). Those interested in more of my writings may see ‘Talking Monkeys--Philosophy, Psychology, Science, Religion and Politics on a Doomed Planet--Articles and Reviews 2006-2019 3rd ed (2019), The Logical Structure of Human Behavior (2019), and Suicidal Utopian Delusions in the 21st Century 4th ed (2019). (shrink)

In order to better cope with the pressures and stresses of the current day, modern psychology is anxiously seeking to find new therapies to address the increasing disorders within the human psyche. In the process new fields of research, such as humanistic and transpersonal psychology, curiously appear to borrow more and more from the wisdom of the ages. This volume, containing eighteen articles by noteworthy expositors of the perennial philosophy such as Huston Smith, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, and Frithjof Schuon, presents (...) the spiritual psychology of the wisdom traditions as a much-needed antidote to the current impasse in modern psychology. (shrink)

Je commence par quelques commentaires célèbres par le philosophe (psychologue) Ludwig Wittgenstein parce que Pinker partage avec la plupart des gens (en raison des paramètres par défaut de notre psychologie innée évoluée) certains préjugés sur le fonctionnement de l’esprit, et parce que Wittgenstein offre des idées uniques et profondes dans le fonctionnement du langage, la pensée et la réalité (qu’il considérait comme plus ou moins coextensive) ne trouve nulle part ailleurs. Lare est seulement une référence à Wittgenstein dans ce volume, (...) ce qui est très malheureux étant donné qu’il était l’analyste le plus brillant et original de la langue. Dans le dernier chapitre, en utilisant la célèbre métaphore de la grotte de Platon, il résume magnifiquement le livre avec un aperçu de la façon dont l’esprit (langage, pensée, psychologie intentionnelle) - un produit de l’égoïsme aveugle, modéré que légèrement par l’altruisme automatisé pour les proches portant des copies de nos gènes (Inclusive Fitness)- fonctionne automatiquement, mais tente de se terminer sur une note optimiste en nous donnant l’espoir que nous pouvons néanmoins utiliser ses vastes capacités pour coopérer et faire du monde un endroit décent pour vivre. Pinker est certainement au courant, mais dit peu sur le fait que beaucoup plus sur notre psychologie est laissé de côté que inclus. Parmi les fenêtres de la nature humaine qui sont laissées de côté ou qui reçoivent un minimum d’attention, on peut lire les mathématiques et la géométrie, la musique et les sons, les images, les événements et la causalité, l’ontologie (classes de choses ou ce que nous savons), la plupart de l’épistémologie (comment nous le savons), les dispositions (croire, penser, juger, avoir l’intention, etc.) et le reste de la psychologie intentionnelle de l’action, des neurotransmetteurs et des enthéogènes, des états spirituels (p. ex. satori et illumination, stimulation et enregistrement du cerveau, lésions cérébrales et déficits comportementaux et troubles, jeux et sports, théorie de la décision (théorie des jeux et économie comportementale), comportement animal (très peu de langage mais un milliard d’années de génétique partagée). De nombreux livres ont été écrits sur chacun de ces domaines de la psychologie intentionnelle. Les données de ce livre sont des descriptions, pas des explications qui montrent pourquoi notre cerveau le fait de cette façon ou comment il est fait. Comment pouvons-nous utiliser les phrases de leur manière (c.-à-d., connaître toutes leurs significations)? Il s’agit d’une psychologie évolutive qui fonctionne à un niveau plus fondamental, c’est-à-dire le niveau où Wittgenstein est le plus actif. Et il y a peu d’attention au contexte dans lequel les mots sont utilisés - une arène que Wittgenstein a lancée. Néanmoins, il s’agit d’une oeuvre classique et avec ces mises en garde est encore bien la peine de lire. Ceux qui souhaitent un cadre complet à jour pour le comportement humain de la vue moderne de deuxemssyst peuvent consulter mon livre 'The Logical Structure of Philosophy, Psychology, Mind and Language in Ludwig Wittgenstein and John Searle' 2nd ed (2019). Ceux qui s’intéressent à plus de mes écrits peuvent voir «Talking Monkeys --Philosophie, Psychologie, Science, Religion et Politique sur une planète condamnée --Articles et revues 2006-2019 3e ed (2019) et Suicidal Utopian Delusions in the 21st Century 4th ed (2019) et autres. (shrink)

Eu começo com alguns comentários famosos pelo filósofo (psicólogo) Ludwig Wittgenstein porque Pinker compartilha com a maioria de povos (devido às configurações padrão de nosso psychology inata evoluído) determinados preconceitos sobre o funcionamento da mente, e Porque Wittgenstein oferece insights únicos e profundos sobre o funcionamento da linguagem, pensamento e realidade (que ele viu como mais ou menos coextensivo) não encontrado em nenhum outro lugar. Ore é apenas referência a Wittgenstein neste volume, que é mais lamentável, considerando que ele foi (...) o mais brilhante e original analista de linguagem. No último capítulo, usando a famosa metáfora da caverna de Platão, ele lindamente resume o livro com uma visão geral de como a mente (linguagem, pensamento, psicologia intencional)-um produto de egoísmo cego, moderado apenas ligeiramente por altruísmo automatizado para fechar parentes carregando cópias de nossos genes (inclusive fitness)--funciona automaticamente, mas tenta terminar em uma nota otimista, dando-nos esperança de que podemos, no entanto, empregar suas vastas capacidades para cooperar e tornar o mundo um lugar decente para viver. Pinker é certamente consciente de mas diz pouco sobre o fato de que muito mais sobre a nossa psicologia é deixada de fora do que incluído. Entre as janelas na natureza humana que são deixadas de fora ou dada a mínima atenção são matemática e geometria, música e sons, imagens, eventos e causalidade, ontologia (classes de coisas ou o que sabemos), a maioria da epistemologia (como sabemos), disposições (acreditando, pensando, julgando, pretendendo etc.) e o resto da psicologia intencional de ação, neurotransmissores e entheogens, Estados espirituais (por exemplo, Satori e iluminação, estimulação cerebral e gravação, danos cerebrais e comportamentais déficits e distúrbios, jogos e esportes, teoria da decisão (incluindo teoria do jogo e economia comportamental), comportamento animal (muito pouca linguagem, mas um bilhão de anos de genética compartilhada). Muitos livros foram escritos sobre cada uma dessas áreas de psicologia intencional. Os dados neste livro são descrições, não explicações que mostram por que os nossos cérebros fazê-lo desta forma ou como é feito. Como sabemos usar as frases de sua maneira (ou seja, conhecer todos os seus significados)? Esta é a psicologia evolutiva que opera em um nível mais básico-o nível em que Wittgenstein é mais ativo. E há pouca atenção ao contexto em que as palavras são usadas = uma arena que Wittgenstein foi pioneira. No entanto, este é um trabalho clássico e com estes cuidados ainda é bem vale a pena ler. Aqueles que desejam um quadro até à data detalhado para o comportamento humano da opinião moderna dos dois sistemas consultar meu livros Falando Macacos 3ª Ed (2019), A Estrutura Lógica da Filosofia, Psicologia, Mente e Linguagem em Ludwig Wittgenstein e John Searle 2a Ed (2019), Suicídio Pela Democracia,4aEd(2019), Entendendo as Conexões entre Ciência, Filosofia, Psicologia, Religião, Política e Economia Artigos e Análises 2006-2019 (2019), Ilusões Utópicas Suicidas no 21St século 5a Ed (2019), A Estrutura Lógica do Comportamento Humano (2019), e A Estrutura Lógica da Consciência (2019) y outras. (shrink)

I start with some famous comments by the philosopher (psychologist) Ludwig Wittgenstein because Pinker shares with most people (due to the default settings of our evolved innate psychology) certain prejudices about the functioning of the mind, and because Wittgenstein offers unique and profound insights into the workings of language, thought and reality (which he viewed as more or less coextensive) not found anywhere else. There is only reference to Wittgenstein in this volume, which is most unfortunate considering that he was (...) the most brilliant and original analyst of language. -/- In the last chapter, using the famous metaphor of Plato’s cave, he beautifully summarizes the book with an overview of how the mind (language, thought, intentional psychology) –a product of blind selfishness, moderated only slightly by automated altruism for close relatives carrying copies of our genes (Inclusive Fitness)--works automatically, but tries to end on an upbeat note by giving us hope that we can nevertheless employ its vast capabilities to cooperate and make the world a decent place to live. -/- Pinker is certainly aware of but says little about the fact that far more about our psychology is left out than included. Among windows into human nature that are left out or given minimal attention are math and geometry, music and sounds, images, events and causality, ontology (classes of things or what we know), most of epistemology (how we know), dispositions (believing, thinking, judging, intending etc.) and the rest of intentional psychology of action, neurotransmitters and entheogens, spiritual states (e.g, satori and enlightenment, brain stimulation and recording, brain damage and behavioral deficits and disorders, games and sports, decision theory (incl. game theory and behavioral economics), animal behavior (very little language but a billion years of shared genetics). Many books have been written about each of these areas of intentional psychology. The data in this book are descriptions, not explanations that show why our brains do it this way or how it is done. How do we know to use the sentences in their various way (i.e., know all their meanings)? This is evolutionary psychology that operates at a more basic level –the level where Wittgenstein is most active. And there is scant attention to the context in which words are used = an arena which Wittgenstein pioneered. -/- Nevertheless, this is a classic work and with these cautions is still well worth reading. -/- Those wishing a comprehensive up to date framework for human behavior from the modern two systems view may consult my book ‘The Logical Structure of Philosophy, Psychology, Mind and Language in Ludwig Wittgenstein and John Searle’ 2nd ed (2019). Those interested in more of my writings may see ‘Talking Monkeys--Philosophy, Psychology, Science, Religion and Politics on a Doomed Planet--Articles and Reviews 2006-2019 3rd ed (2019), The Logical Structure of Human Behavior (2019), and Suicidal Utopian Delusions in the 21st Century 4th ed (2019) . (shrink)

मैं दार्शनिक (मनोवैज्ञानिक) लुडविग Wittgenstein द्वारा कुछ प्रसिद्ध टिप्पणियों के साथ शुरू क्योंकि पिंकर ज्यादातर लोगों के साथ शेयरों (हमारे विकसित सहज मनोविज्ञान के डिफ़ॉल्ट सेटिंग्स के कारण) मन के कामकाज के बारे में कुछ पूर्वाग्रहों, और क्योंकि Wittgenstein भाषा, सोचा और वास्तविकता के कामकाज में अद्वितीय और गहरा अंतर्दृष्टि प्रदान करता है (जो वह अधिक या कम coextensive के रूप में देखा) कहीं और नहीं मिला. पुनः केवल इस मात्रा में Wittgenstein के लिए संदर्भ है, जो सबसे दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण विचार (...) है कि वह भाषा का सबसे प्रतिभाशाली और मूल विश्लेषक था. पिछले अध्याय में, प्लेटो गुफा के प्रसिद्ध रूपक का उपयोग कर, वह खूबसूरती से कैसे मन (भाषा, सोचा, जानबूझकर मनोविज्ञान) के एक सिंहावलोकन के साथ पुस्तक संक्षेप में प्रस्तुत करता है - अंधा स्वार्थ का एक उत्पाद, बंद के लिए केवल थोड़ा स्वचालित परोपकारिता द्वारा संचालित हमारे जीन (समावेशी स्वास्थ्य)की प्रतियां ले जाने के रिश्तेदारों - स्वचालित रूप से काम करता है,लेकिन हमें उम्मीद है कि हम फिर भी अपनी विशाल क्षमताओं को रोजगार के लिए सहयोग और दुनिया को जीने के लिए एक सभ्य जगह बना सकते हैं देकर एक उत्साहित नोट पर समाप्त करने की कोशिश करता है. पिंकर निश्चित रूप से के बारे में पता है, लेकिन तथ्य यह है कि अभी तक हमारे मनोविज्ञान के बारे में अधिक से अधिक शामिल से बाहर छोड़ दिया है के बारे में थोड़ा कहते हैं. मानव प्रकृति है कि बाहर छोड़ दिया है या कम से कम ध्यान दिया जाता है में खिड़कियों के बीच गणित और ज्यामिति, संगीत और लगता है, छवियों, घटनाओं और कारणता, आंटलजी (बातें या क्या हम जानते हैंकी कक्षाओं),epistemology के अधिकांश (कैसे हम जानते हैं), स्वभाव (विश्वास, सोच, पहचानने, इरादा आदि) और कार्रवाई के जानबूझकर मनोविज्ञान के बाकी, न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर और entheogens, आध्यात्मिक राज्यों (उदा, satori और ज्ञान, मस्तिष्क उत्तेजना और रिकॉर्डिंग, मस्तिष्क क्षति और व्यवहार घाटे और विकारों, खेल और खेल, निर्णय सिद्धांत (सहित खेल सिद्धांत और व्यवहार अर्थशास्त्र), पशु व्यवहार (बहुत कम भाषा लेकिन साझा आनुवंशिकी के एक अरब साल). कई किताबें जानबूझकर मनोविज्ञान के इन क्षेत्रों में से प्रत्येक के बारे में लिखा गया है. इस पुस्तक में डेटा विवरण हैं, स्पष्टीकरण नहीं है कि पता चलता है कि क्यों हमारे दिमाग यह इस तरह से करते हैं या यह कैसे किया जाता है. हम अपने विभिन्न तरीके से वाक्यों का उपयोग कैसे करना जानते हैं (यानी, उनके सभी अर्थ जानते हैं)? यह विकासवादी मनोविज्ञान है कि एक और अधिक बुनियादी स्तर पर चल रही है - स्तर जहां Wittgenstein सबसे अधिक सक्रिय है. और इस संदर्भ पर बहुत कम ध्यान दिया जाता है जिसमें शब्दों का प्रयोग किया जाता है - एक अखाड़ा जिसका विटगेनस्टीन ने बीड़ा उठाया था। फिर भी, यह एक क्लासिक काम है और इन सावधानी के साथ अभी भी अच्छी तरह से पढ़ने लायक है. आधुनिक दो systems दृश्यसे मानव व्यवहार के लिए एक व्यापक अप करने के लिए तारीख रूपरेखा इच्छुक लोगों को मेरी पुस्तक 'दर्शन, मनोविज्ञान, मिनडी और लुडविगमें भाषा की तार्किक संरचना से परामर्श कर सकते हैं Wittgenstein और जॉन Searle '2 एड (2019). मेरे लेखन के अधिक में रुचि रखने वालों को देख सकते हैं 'बात कर रहेबंदर- दर्शन, मनोविज्ञान, विज्ञान, धर्म और राजनीति पर एक बर्बाद ग्रह --लेख और समीक्षा 2006-2019 3 एड (2019) और आत्मघाती यूटोपियान भ्रम 21st मेंसदी 4वें एड (2019) . (shrink)

Pinker는 (우리의 진화 된 타고난 심리학의 기본 설정으로 인해) 마음의 기능에 대한 특정 편견과 Wittgenstein이 독특하고 깊은 통찰력을 제공하기 때문에 철학자 (심리학자) Ludwig Wittgenstein의 유명한 의견으로 시작합니다. 언어, 사고 및 현실의 작업 (그가 다소 공동 확장 적이라고 보았 음)은 다른 곳에서는 발견되지 않았습니다. 이 책에는 위트 겐슈 타인에 대한 언급 만 있으며, 이는 그가 가장 훌륭하고 독창적 인 언어 분석 가라는 점을 고려하면 가장 불행한 일입니다.. 마지막 장에서, 플라톤의 동굴의 유명한 은유를 사용하여, 그는 아름답게 마음 (언어, 생각, 의도적 심리학)의 개요와 (...) 책을 요약 - 맹목적인 이기심의 제품, 우리의 유전자의 사본을 들고 가까운 친척에 대한 자동화 된 이타주의에 의해 약간만 중재 (포함 피트니스)-- 자동으로 작동하지만, 우리가 결코 희망을 부여하여 낙관적 인메모에 종료하려고 하지만, 우리는 결코 우리가 희망을 부여하여 낙관적 인 메모에 종료하려고 합니다. 핑커는 확실히 알고 있지만 우리의 심리학에 대한 훨씬 더 포함보다 제외된다는 사실에 대해 거의 말한다. 방치되거나 최소한의 주의를 기울이는 인간의 본성에 대한 창 중에는 수학과 기하학, 음악 및 사운드, 이미지, 이벤트 및 인과 관계, 온톨로지 (사물의 클래스 또는 우리가 알고있는 것), 대부분의 epistemology (우리가 알고있는 방법), 성향 (믿는, 생각, 판단, 의도 등) 행동의 의도적 인 심리학의 나머지, 신경 전달 물질과 entheogens, 영적 상태 (예를 들어, 사토리와 계몽, 뇌 자극 및 기록, 뇌 손상 및 행동 적자 와 장애, 게임과 스포츠, 결정 이론 (포함. 게임 이론과 행동 경제학), 동물 행동 (매우 작은 언어하지만 십억 년). 많은 책은 의도적 인 심리학의 이러한 각 영역에 대해 작성되었습니다. 이 책의 데이터는 설명이지, 왜 우리의 뇌가 이런 식으로 하는지 또는 어떻게 수행되는지를 보여주는 설명이 아닙니다. 우리는 어떻게 그들의 다양한 방법으로 문장을 사용하는 것을 알 수 있습니까 (즉, 모든 의미를 알고)? 이것은 더 기본적인 수준에서 작동 진화 심리학 – 비트 겐슈타인이 가장 활동적인 수준. 그리고 단어가 사용되는 맥락 = 비트겐슈타인이 개척한 경기장에 대한 관심이 부족합니다. 그럼에도불구하고, 이것은 고전적인 작품이며 이러한 주의사항으로 여전히 읽을 가치가 있습니다. 현대 의 두 systems보기에서인간의 행동에 대한 포괄적 인 최신 프레임 워크를 원하는 사람들은 내 책을 참조 할 수 있습니다'철학의 논리적 구조, 심리학, 민d와 루드비히 비트겐슈타인과 존 Searle의언어' 2nd ed (2019). 내 글의 더 많은 관심있는 사람들은 '이야기 원숭이를 볼 수 있습니다-철학, 심리학, 과학, 종교와 운명 행성에 정치 - 기사 및 리뷰 2006-2019 3 rd 에드 (2019) 및 21st 세기 4번째 에드 (2019) 및 기타에서 자살 유토피아 망상. (shrink)

Ich beginne mit einigen berühmten Kommentaren des Philosophen (Psychologen) Ludwig Wittgenstein, weil Pinker mit den meisten Menschen (aufgrund der Standardeinstellungen unserer entwickelten angeborenen Psychologie) bestimmte Vorurteile über das Funktionieren desGeistes teilt und weil Wittgenstein einzigartige und tiefgründige Einblicke in das Wirken von Sprache, Denken und Wirklichkeit bietet (die er als mehr oder weniger koextensiv ansah), die er nirgendwo sonst findet. Diere bezieht sich nur auf Wittgenstein in diesem Band, was sehr bedauerlich ist, wenn man bedenkt, dass er der brillanteste und (...) originellste Analytiker der Sprache war. Im letzten Kapitel fasst er anhand der berühmten Metapher von Platons Höhle das Buch auf wunderbare Weise mit einem Überblick darüber zusammen, wie der Geist (Sprache, Denken, absichtliche Psychologie) – ein Produkt blinden Egoismus, nur geringfügig durch automatisierten Altruismus für nahe Verwandte, die Kopien unserer Gene tragen (Inclusive Fitness)– automatisch arbeitet, aber versucht, mit einer optimistischen Note zu enden, indem er uns Hoffnung gibt, dass wir dennoch seine enormen Fähigkeiten nutzen können, um zusammenzuarbeiten. Pinker ist sich dessen sicherlich bewusst, sagt aber wenig darüber aus, dass weit mehr über unsere Psychologie weggelassen wird als eingeschlossen. Unter den Fenstern in die menschliche Natur, die ausgelassen oder minimale Aufmerksamkeit gegeben werden, sind Mathematik und Geometrie, Musik und Klänge, Bilder, Ereignisse und Kausalität, Ontologie (Klassen von Dingen oder was wir wissen), die meisten der Erkenntnistheorie (wie wir wissen), Dispositionen (glauben, Denken, Richten, Beabsichtigen etc.) und der Rest der absichtlichen Handlungspsychologie, Neurotransmitter und Entheogene, spirituelle Zustände (z.B. Satori und Erleuchtung, Hirnstimulation und -aufzeichnung, Hirnschäden und Verhaltensdefizite und -störungen, Spiele und Sport, Entscheidungstheorie (inkl. Spieltheorie und Verhaltensökonomie), Tierverhalten (sehr wenig Sprache, aber eine Milliarde Jahre geteilte Genetik). Viele Bücher wurden über jeden dieser Bereiche der absichtlichen Psychologie geschrieben. Die Daten in diesem Buch sind Beschreibungen, keine Erklärungen, die zeigen, warum unser Gehirn es auf diese Weise tut oder wie es gemacht wird. Woher wissen wir, die Sätze auf ihre unterschiedliche Weise zu verwenden (d.h. alle ihre Bedeutungen zu kennen)? Dies ist die Evolutionspsychologie, die auf einer grundlegenderen Ebene arbeitet – der Ebene, auf der Wittgenstein am aktivsten ist. Und der Kontext, in dem Worte verwendet werden, ist kaum beachtet = eine Arena, die Wittgenstein als Pionier emittierte. Dennoch, ist dies ein klassisches Werk und mit diesen Vorsichtsmaßnahmen ist immer noch lesenswert. Wer aus der modernen zweisystems-Sichteinen umfassenden, aktuellen Rahmen für menschliches Verhalten wünscht, kann mein Buch "The Logical Structure of Philosophy, Psychology, Mind and Language in Ludwig Wittgenstein and John Searle' 2nd ed (2019) konsultieren. Die jenigen,die sich für mehr meiner Schriften interessieren, können 'Talking Monkeys--Philosophie, Psychologie, Wissenschaft, Religion und Politik auf einem verdammten Planeten --Artikel und Rezensionen 2006-2019 3rd ed (2019) und Suicidal Utopian Delusions in the 21st Century 4th ed (2019) und andere sehen. (shrink)

Empiezo con algunos comentarios famosos del filósofo (psicólogo) Ludwig Wittgenstein porque Pinker comparte con la mayoría de la gente (debido a la configuración predeterminada de nuestra psicología innata evolucionada) ciertos prejuicios sobre el funcionamiento de la mente, y porque Wittgenstein ofrece una visión única y profunda del funcionamiento del lenguaje, el pensamiento y la realidad (que él consideraba más o menos coextenso) que no se encontraba en ningún otro lugar. Ahí esta sólo referencia a Wittgenstein en este volumen, lo que (...) es más desafortunado teniendo en cuenta que él era el analista más brillante y original del lenguaje. -/- En el último capítulo, usando la famosa metáfora de la cueva de Platón, resume bellamente el libro con una visión general de cómo la mente (lenguaje, pensamiento, psicología intencional)-un producto de egoísmo ciego, moderado sólo ligeramente por el altruismo automatizado para cerca parientes que llevan copias de nuestros genes (Fitness inclusivo)--funciona automáticamente, pero trata de terminar en una nota optimista al darnos la esperanza de que, sin embargo, podemos emplear sus vastas capacidades para cooperar y hacer del mundo un lugar digno para vivir. -/- Pinker es ciertamente consciente de, pero dice poco sobre el hecho de que mucho más sobre nuestra psicología se deja fuera de lo incluido. Entre las ventanas a la naturaleza humana que se dejan fuera o se presta una atención mínima son las matemáticas y la geometría, la música y los sonidos, las imágenes, los eventos y la causalidad, la ontología (clases de cosas o lo que sabemos), la mayor parte de la epistemología (cómo sabemos), disposiciones (creer, pensar, juzgar, pretender, etc.) y el resto de la psicología intencional de la acción, neurotransmisores y entheogens, Estados espirituales (por ejemplo, Satori e iluminación, estimulación y grabación del cerebro, daño cerebral y comportamiento déficits y trastornos, juegos y deportes, teoría de la decisión (incluyendo la teoría del juego y la economía conductual), comportamiento animal (muy poco lenguaje pero mil millones de años de genética compartida). Se han escrito muchos libros sobre cada una de estas áreas de la psicología intencional. Los datos de este libro son descripciones, no explicaciones que muestran por qué nuestro cerebro lo hace de esta manera o cómo se hace. ¿Cómo sabemos usar las oraciones de manera diversa (es decir, conocer todos sus significados)? Esta es la psicología evolutiva que opera a un nivel más básico: el nivel en el que Wittgenstein es más activo. Y hay escasa atención a el Contexto en el que se utilizan palabras = una arena que Wittgenstein fue pionera. -/- Sin embargo, Este es un trabajo clásico y con estas precauciones todavía vale la pena leer. -/- Aquellos que deseen un marco completo hasta la fecha para el comportamiento humano de la moderna dos Sistemas View puede consultar mi libro 'La estructura lógica de la filosofía, la psicología, la mente y lenguaje Een Ludwig Wittgenstein y John Searle ' 2nd ED (2019). Los interesados en más de mis escritos pueden ver 'Monos parlantes--filosofía, psicología, ciencia, religión y política en un planeta condenado--artículos y reseñas 2006-2019 3rd ED (2019) y delirios utópicos suicidas en el 21St Century 4TH Ed (2019) y otras. -/- "Si Dios nos miró a la mente, no sería capaz de ver en quién estábamos pensando." Wittgenstein PI P217 -/- "¿Debe evitarse la palabra" infinito "en las matemáticas? Sí: donde parece conferir un significado sobre el cálculo; en lugar de conseguir uno de él. " Edición revisada de la RFM (1978) P141 -/- "Una y otra vez el intento de usar el lenguaje para limitar el mundo y establecerlo en relieve, pero no se puede hacer. La auto-evidencia del mundo se manifiesta en el mismo hecho de que el lenguaje puede y sólo se refiere a él. Porque el lenguaje sólo deriva la forma en que significa, su significado, del mundo, no hay lenguaje concebible que no represente a este mundo. " Observaciones filosóficas de Wittgenstein S47 . (shrink)

Aku mulai dengan beberapa komentar terkenal oleh filsuf (psikolog) Ludwig Wittgenstein karena Pinker saham dengan kebanyakan orang (karena pengaturan default psikologi bawaan kita berevolusi) prasangka tertentu tentang fungsi pikiran, dan karena Wittgenstein menawarkan wawasan yang unik dan mendalam dalam cara kerja bahasa, pemikiran dan realitas (yang ia dipandang sebagai lebih atau kurang coekstensif) tidak ditemukan di tempat lain. TheRe adalah hanya referensi untuk Wittgenstein dalam volume ini, yang paling disayangkan mengingat bahwa ia adalah yang paling brilian dan asli analis bahasa. (...) -/- Dalam bab terakhir, menggunakan metafora terkenal dari gua Plato, ia dengan indah meringkas buku dengan gambaran tentang bagaimana pikiran (bahasa, berpikir, psikologi disengaja)-produk keegoisan buta, dimoderasi hanya sedikit oleh altruisme otomatis untuk kerabat dekat membawa salinan gen kita (inklusif Fitness)--bekerja secara otomatis, tetapi mencoba untuk mengakhiri pada catatan optimis dengan memberi kita harapan bahwa kita tetap dapat menggunakan kemampuan yang luas untuk bekerja sama dan membuat dunia menjadi tempat yang layak untuk hidup. -/- Pinker tentu sadar tetapi mengatakan sedikit tentang fakta bahwa jauh lebih banyak tentang psikologi kita ditinggalkan daripada yang disertakan. Di antara jendela ke dalam sifat manusia yang ditinggalkan atau diberi perhatian minimal adalah matematika dan geometri, musik dan suara, Gambar, peristiwa dan kausalitas, Ontologi (kelas hal atau apa yang kita tahu), sebagian besar Epistemologi (bagaimana kita tahu), disposisi (percaya, berpikir, menilai, berniat dll) dan sisanya psikologi disengaja tindakan, neurotransmiter dan entheogens, negara spiritual (misalnya, Satori dan pencerahan, otak stimulasi dan perekaman, kerusakan otak dan perilaku defisit dan gangguan, permainan dan olahraga, teori keputusan (termasuk. teori permainan dan perilaku ekonomi), perilaku hewan (sangat sedikit bahasa tetapi satu miliar tahun genetika bersama). Banyak buku telah ditulis tentang masing-masing bidang psikologi disengaja. Data dalam buku ini adalah deskripsi, bukan penjelasan yang menunjukkan mengapa otak kita melakukannya dengan cara ini atau bagaimana hal itu dilakukan. Bagaimana kita tahu untuk menggunakan kalimat dalam berbagai cara mereka (yaitu, tahu semua makna)? Ini adalah psikologi evolusi yang beroperasi pada tingkat yang lebih mendasar-tingkat di mana Wittgenstein paling aktif. Dan ada perhatian yang sangat minim pada konteks kata mana yang digunakan = sebuah arena yang dirintis Wittgenstein. -/- Namun demikian, ini adalah karya klasik dan dengan memperingatkan ini masih layak dibaca. -/- Mereka yang ingin komprehensif up to date kerangka perilaku manusia dari dua systEMS tampilan modern dapat berkonsultasi buku saya 'struktur Logis filsafat, psikologi, mind dan bahasa dalam Ludwig wittgenstein dan John Searle ' 2nd Ed (2019). Mereka yang tertarik pada tulisan saya lebih mungkin melihat 'berbicara monyet--filsafat, psikologi, ilmu, agama dan politik di planet yang ditakdirkan--artikel dan review 2006-2019 3rd ed (2019) dan bunuh diri utopian delusi di 21st Century 4th Ed (2019) . (shrink)