This paper investigates propositional hyperintensionality in counterfactuals. It starts with a scenario describing two children playing on a seesaw and studies the truth-value predictions for counterfactuals by four different semantic theories. The theories in question are Kit Fine’s truthmaker semantics, Luis Alonso-Ovalle’s alternative semantics, inquisitive semantics and Paolo Santorio’s syntactic truthmaker semantics. These predictions suggest that the theories that distinguish more of a given set of intensionally equivalent sentences (Fine and Alonso-Ovalle’s) fare better than those that do not (inquisitive semantics (...) and Santorio’s). Then we investigate how inquisitive semantics and Santorio can respond to these results. They can respond to them by helping themselves to considerations from Hurford disjunctions, disjunctions whose disjuncts stand in an entailment relation to one another. I argue that considerations from Hurford disjunctions are ad hoc modifications merely to predict the expected results. I conclude that the scenarios suggest a need for more fine-grained theories of sentential meaning in general. (shrink)

Prior's puzzle is a puzzle about the substitution of certain putatively synonymous or coreferential expressions in sentences. Prior's puzzle is important, because a satisfactory solution to it should constitute a crucial part of an adequate semantic theory for both proposition-embedding expressions and attitudinal verbs. I argue that two recent solutions to this puzzle are unsatisfactory. They either focus on the meaning of attitudinal verbs or content nouns. I propose a solution relying on a recent analysis of that-clauses in linguistics. Our (...) solution is superior, as it not only avoids the problems faced by previous solutions, but it also brings developments in linguistics in line to solve an old puzzle in philosophy. (shrink)

Abū Bakr Muḥammad bin Zakariyya’ al-Rāzī (865–925) is generally known as a freethinker who argued against prophecy and revealed religion based on arguments from fairness of God and rationality. Recently some scholars argued that Razi was not as radical as the general interpretation takes him to be. Both the freethinker and conservative interpretations seem well supported based on difference bodies of evidence. However, the evidence is based on secondhand reports. In this paper I argue there is an interpretation of prophecy (...) which is supported by primary sources and can reconcile these putatively contradictory positions. Under my interpretation Razi allows for prophecy based on the rationality of moral deference in certain circumstances. In this picture one function of prophets is to act as moral experts for deference. This interpretation provides a synthesis of the freethinker and conservative views. Razi is conservative in having room for prophecy because of his dualist nature of humanity, and Razi is still a freethinker who values reason above all, because moral expertise requires excellent command of reason. (shrink)

We have a rough idea of what artifacts are: artifacts are objects made to serve a certain purpose. However, there is no consensus on how to specify this definition. Essentialists argue that objects are grouped into artifact kinds by sharing non-trivial artifact essences, while anti-essentialists argue that there is no such essence to be found. However, the prominent essentialist and anti-essentialist accounts suffer from extensional and definitional problems. I argue that the problems current essentialist and anti-essentialist accounts face mainly stem (...) from the assumption of artifact concept monism. According to artifact concept monism, there is only a single way to group objects into artifact kinds. To remedy the problems that stem from artifact concept monism, this paper offers an alternative framework by drawing parallels from the debates on species concept pluralism and art concept pluralism. (shrink)

One can lie by asserting non-literal content. If I tell you “You are the cream in my coffee” while hating you, I can be rightfully accused of lying if my true emotions are unearthed. This is not easy to accommodate under many definitions of lying while also preserving the lying-misleading distinction. The essential feature of non-literal utterances is their falsity when literally construed. This interferes with accounts of lying and misleading, because such accounts often combine a literal construal of what (...) is said by an utterance with a falsity requirement for lying. In the presence of non-literal lies such definitions struggle to make plau- sible predictions for non-literal lies and merely misleading utterances together. In this article I aim to fix this by extending Daniel Hoek’s pragmatic account of conversational exculpature to assertions in general. Since this mechanism is designed to compute the intended meanings of non-literal utterances, it straightforwardly predicts non-literal lies to be as such. The lying-misleading distinction is also preserved, because merely misleading utterances arise out of exploiting a different pragmatic mechanism—Gricean additive implicatures. Along the way I also draw some general lessons about assertion and implicatures. (shrink)

Today the world is suffering from coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic illness, and people all around the world stay at home due to its rapid spread. People including students gather information and government instructions through TVs, social media and others around them. Since the classes were canceled in many countries, the novel coronavirus affects students’ interest in coursework. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of TV news, social media and communication with people on interest in coursework, and mediating (...) roles of fear of contamination, depression, and anxiety on these effects. A path analysis was carried out with the data collected from 773 college students. The results showed that interest in coursework was most strongly affected by communication with people. This was due to its direct and indirect effects. Social media and TV News did not directly affect interest in coursework, but indirectly affected. The study also found that among the three mediator variables, the mediator roles of anxiety was bigger than the others. Understanding the findings of this research has become very important to us, especially at a time when face-to-face lessons have been canceled all over the world and transitioned to online education. Specific recommendations for practitioners and limitations for future research were also provided in the study. (shrink)

Serum lmmunglobulin and Complement Levels in the Patients With Head and Neck Carcinoma and the Evaluation of Autoantibody Positivity Ratein this study, smooth muscle antibody (SMA), anti-nücleer antibody (ANA) anti- mitochondrial antibody (AMA), anti-parietal cell antibody (PA), antiglomerular basal membrane antibody (GM), serum immunglobulins and complement-C3 levels have been searched. The positivity rate of ANA (31.91 %) and SMA (38.29 %) were found high in sera of the patients with head and neck carcinoma which had been diagnosed histopathologically. But the (...) positivity rate of AMA (4.25 %) PA (12.76 %) and GM (2.12 %) were low in the same group. ANA and SMA were detected in 1 O of 30 patients with laryngeal carcinoma; ANA were detected in 5 of 9 patients (55.5 %) and SMA were found in 4 of 9 patients (44.5 %) with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. There was no significant deviation in the levels of immunglobulins and complement-C3. The highest levels of immunoglobulins have been detected in patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Finding of high positivity rate of ANA and SMA in the patients with head and neck carcinoma showed an accordance with the other investigators' results. (shrink)

1988 yılında kurulan Tıp Fakültemiz Yurdumuzun en genç Tıp Fakültesi olarak süratle gelişmesini sürdürmekte ve her geçen gün bir eksiğini daha tamamlamaktadır. Bugün ilk sayısını çıkardığımız bu dergi ile özellikle bir Tıp Fakültesi için en önemli eksiklerden birisi olan bir bilimsel yayın organı eksikliğini de gidermiş oluyoruz. -/- Her gün baş döndürücü değişimlere sahne olan tıp dünyasında olan bitenler, günümüzün iletişim araçları ile en uç noktalara kadar çok kısa sürelerde gidebilmektedir. Bu iletişimde tıp yayınlarının önemi büyüktür. Elde edilen araştırma sonuçlarının, (...) önerilerin tıpla uğraşanlara aktarılması ile daha ekonomik bilgilenme olanağı elde edilebildiği gibi, doğruyu bulabilme açısından da meslektaşlar arasında geniş katılımlı, bir tartışma ortamının dolması ve alınacak reaksiyonlara göre de daha pozitif bir şekilde yönlenme şansı ortaya çıkmış olmaktadır. Tüm kısıtlı olanaklarımıza rağmen, amacımız, ilk sayıdan itibaren bu yöndeki işlevimizi en iyi şeklide yerine getirebilmek olacaktır. Şimdilik yılda iki kez olarak yayınlanacak olan dergimiz tıp alanında çalışan, araştıran herkese açıktır. -/- Fakültemizin yer aldığı Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi tıbbi araştırmaları ve sahra çalışmaları için oldukça bakir bir saha olarak karşımızda bulunmaktadır. Araştırma olanaklarımız arttıkça özellikle bölgenin sağlık sorunlarına daha etkili bir biçimde el atacak ve onlara çözüm arayacak olan araştırıcı arkadaşlarımız için dergimiz, elde ettikleri sonuçlan diğer meslektaşlarımıza aktarmada onların kulağı ve dili olacaktır. -/- Bu vesile ile Gaziantep Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisinin tüm tıp dünyasına yararlı olmasını gönülden arzu ederken; dergimizin ciddi bir periyodik olma özelliğini kazanmasında ve bu özelliğini korumasında değerli tıp çalışanlarının desteğini bekler, çalışmalarında başarılar dilerim. -/- Saygılarımla,. (shrink)

In this eleventh book of scilogs – called in-turns and out-turns –, one may find new and old questions and solutions, referring mostly to topics on Neutrosophy, but also Multispace, with miscellaneous addition of topics on Physics, Mathematics, or Sociology – email messages to research colleagues, or replies, notes about authors, articles, or books, spontaneous ideas, and so on. -/- Exchanging ideas with Prem Kumar Singh, Feng Liu, Nicolae Bălașa, Jimmy Quellet, Minodora Rușchița, Frank Gelli, A. R. Vătuiu, Victor Christianto, (...) Vladimir I. Rogozhin, Robert Neil Boyd, Akira Kanda, Stefan Spaarmann, Oliver Consa, Yabin Shao, Junle Zhuo, Nivetha Martin, Said Broumi, Jean Dezert, Erick González, Tomasz Witczak, B. De Baets, I. Couso, D. Dubois, L. Good, Mihaela Colhon, Atiqe Ur Rahman, Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Ihsan, Edeline Nancy, Shawkat Alkhazaleh, Shazia Rana, Vasantha Kandasamy, Santanu Acharjee, Mohamed Al-Shmrani, Parimala Manie, Mehmet Unver, Murat Olgun, Adel Aleidhri, Akira Kanda, Ilanthenral Kandasamy, Mircea Zărnescu, R. Tayebi Khorami, Arsham Borumand Saeid, Maisam Jdid, M. Abobala, Riad Hamido, Rafael Rojas, Esmaeil Zarei, Faisal Khan, Rouzbeh Abbassi, Adel Al-Odhari, Henry Garrett, Ackbar Rezaei, Saeid Jafari, Karthika Muthusamy, Harish Garg, Huda E. Khalid, Gonca D. Güngör, Muslim A. Noah Zainal, Fakhry Asad Agusfrianto, Madeleine Al-Tahan, Mariam Hariri, Yudi Mahatma, Masoud Ghods, Marco Brigliadori, Luis Enrique Aponte Pérez, Amr Mohammed, M. Aslam (in order of reference in the book). (shrink)

Ahlak ve ilişkili konular, içinde bulunduğumuz dönemde psikolojinin çeşitli alt disiplinlerinin ortak ilgisi olarak görünüyor. Ahlaka artan bilimsel ilginin olası pek çok sebebi olabilir ancak günümüz toplumsal yaşamının pratik açıdan ahlakı anlamak, tanımlamak, tesis etmek ihtiyacı da meseleye ayrı bir boyut kazandırıyor. “Daha ahlaklı bir toplum mümkün mü ya da ahlaklı bireyleri en etkin nasıl yetiştiririz?” sorularını yanıtlamanın önündeki en önemli engel, ahlakın herkesçe mutabık kalınan evrensel bir çerçeveden yoksun olmasıdır. İşte bilimsel ilgi de bu noktada işlevsellik kazanıyor. Ayrıca zamanımıza (...) has bir sorun olmasa da göz hizamızda olan “insanın insana ettiğinin” tahammülü zor sonuçları, ahlaka daha güçlü bir gereksinim yaratıyor. Hem artan bilimsel ilgi hem de reel dünyanın ihtiyacı ile ahlak alanı artık belirli disiplinlerin kalıbına sığmamakta, ahlak psikolojisi, kökleri pek çok disipline uzanan bir ağaç misali toprağın üzerinden başını uzatmaktadır. Elbette ahlak psikolojisi tabiri de ahlak psikolojisi alanında bir eser ortaya koyma çabası da bu kitap ile ortaya çıkmadı. Türkiye’de psikoloji alanının öncülerinden olan ve ilk ahlak psikolojisi çalışmalarına imza atan merhum Prof. Dr. Erol Güngör’ün görev yaptığı Selçuk Üniversitesinde yıllar sonra yeniden psikoloji çalışmaları yürütülmesi, üstelik onun öncelikli çalışma alanı olan ahlak konusunun yeniden burada çalışılması gurur verici bir husus. Umuyoruz ki Necip Fazıl’ın dediği gibi “bu öksüz yapının ustada kalmamasına” mütevazı bir ölçüde de olsa bu eserle bir katkı yapmış olalım. Zira bir disiplin olarak ahlak psikolojisinin bu kurumsallaşma deneyiminde öncelikli ihtiyaçlarından biri de sistematik olarak psikoloji ve ahlak bağlantısını ele alarak konu ve kavramlarını tasnif edecek bir kitaptır. (shrink)