This article aims to elucidate, albeit in a preliminary way, the concept of liquidity in Zygmunt Bauman and its effects onsociety. The deductive-inductive method will be used. As for the methodology, this will be of a bibliographic nature. This study is in line with what the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman (1925-2017), in his texts, postulates that Modernity can be divided into two phases: Solid Modernity and Liquid Modernity. The first began in the 15th century and lasted until the 19th century; the (...) second began in the 20th century and continues to the present time. To describe modern society from the end of the 20th century, Bauman uses the metaphor of 'liquidity', aiming to point out that the contemporary world is going through a period of uncertainty, ephemerality and instabilities. According to Bauman, the modern ideal coined between the 15th and 19th centuries postulated the primacy of reason and the autonomy of capitalist man and such assumptions led society to liquid modernity. In this liquid “contemporaneity”, nothing is lasting, everything is volatile, ephemeral; consumption is the social parameter, whether of the individual, the family, the State or religion. (shrink)

This article aims to analyze some aspects of the work Manual para a Vida Feliz, the result of classes given by Epictetus, and recorded by his student Ariano. We will consider the situations that, according to Epictetus, depend on the individual and those that do not depend on their action. In particular, this analysis will focus on fragments 1 to 6 of the manual, given the length to be analyzed in an article. To account for the proposed object, this analysis (...) will be carried out, based on Hadot's (2015) perspective on the subject. The research method used will be bibliographic review. As for the methodology, it will be deductive in nature. Our studies show that his teachings are based on the essential principles of Stoic philosophy. Therefore, the only good that exists, for him, is the moral good. Furthermore, all human action is based on judgment and nature is coherent with itself. From this perspective, what depends on the individual, in this life, is what is under their control and everything that is beyond their control does not depend on them. Therefore, worrying about what is not under your control is considered useless and a waste of time. (shrink)

This study aims to deepen the philosophical aspects of the relationship between the work of Pierre Hadot and Michel Foucault, with regard to the concepts of "Spiritual Exercises" and "Self-Care". We intend to analyze how Pierre Hadot interpreted the appropriation that Michel de Foucault made of his text "spiritual exercises", when presenting the notion about the definition of "Care of the self". We elucidate the main divergences and convergences present between the philosophical reflections of these two authors, which are of (...) great relevance for the understanding of current phenomena. The methodology adopted was exploratory theoretical-bibliographic research, halfway betweena comment and an essay. Our studies point to the theme of 'the self' as the central point of the research, with “Self-Care” as the bias capable of leading us to knowledge and, in this way, taking us to the direction of existence through the rationality ofthe “Exercises” Spiritual ”. Our two authors, in their discussions about “taking care of oneself”, evoke in part the thinking of the Greeks, who are the source of the definition of this principle. Therefore, the term “epimeleia heauton” will guide us, that is, to undertake in the face of the world of life, in the practice of thorough and permanent criticism in the face of one's own conduct. In other words, by means of these spiritual exercises, thus being able to contemplate oneself rationally on a path towards "oneself" and through "oneself". Furthermore, all of this implies a constant effort on the will and desire, in order to architect authentic autonomy on a daily basis. We do not intend to exhaust the whole subject, however, the relationship to be developed will bring us closer to dominance over ourselves and make us reflect on the state of "having oneself in the hands.". (shrink)

This article aims to present the understanding of spiritual exercises in Pierre Hadot and its importance. In order to give an account of the proposed object we will resort to bibliographical and documentary research. In the present work, we emphasize that the definition of spiritual exercises is complex, as the author himself says. According to Hadot (2014), this term arose with the ancient Greeks, and not with Christianity and is linked to the practice of caring for oneself. According to him, (...) the Stoics already had the habit of turning to themselves and reflecting their own existence through exercises. In his quest to give a definition for the expression 'Spiritual Exercises', Hadot (2014) in his writings presents some reasons why he chose the term. According to him, reading the collection A Poetry as a spiritual exercise, as well as the contact with the work of Élisabeth Brisson, and with the book of Paul Rabbow [Seelenführung. Methodik der Exerzitien in der Antike], led him to understand the depth of the expression 'Spiritual Exercise', although this does not express the density of reality experienced in the experience of encounter with oneself and with the world. (shrink)