Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis is a major public health problem world-wide, it is contagious disease caused by organism mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to assess the level of zinc and albumin in newly diagnosed patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Khartoum state. Methods: Fifty blood samples were collected from newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients during the period between April to May 2017, chosen randomly from Abu Anga Teaching Hospital and fifty blood samples from apparently healthy individuals serve (...) as control group. Estimation of serum albumin level was performed using spectrophotometer and estimation of serum zinc by using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results were analyzed by using (SPSS) computer program. Results: The study showed that, serum level of zinc and albumin were significantly decrease in patients compared to control group (mean± SD for cases versus control). For zinc :( 0.16±0.05 versus 0.58± 0.13 mg/l, P. value= 0.000). For albumin: (2.5±0.58 versus 4.1±0.31g/dl, P. value= 0.000). The result of this study showed that, there was statically significant decrease in the mean of BMI in patients compared to control group. Mean ±SD for case versus control (18.7±0.17 versus 21.5±1.7). The result of this study showed that, pulmonary tuberculosis most common among age between (20-39) years (52%) and (48%) of patients between age (40-58) years and this disease most abundant in males (78%) than females (22%). Persons correlation showed that there was no correlation between serum zinc level and age (r =-0.128, p. value=0.374) also there was no correlation between the level of serum albumin and age (r=0.137, p. value =0.344). Conclusion: The serum levels of zinc and albumin were significantly decreased in newly diagnosed patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Khartoum state. (shrink)

Air pollution is often associated with hazy skies and public health warnings, but few are aware that one of its most harmful components—ozone (O₃)—quietly and persistently damages our lungs. A review by Russo et al. (2025) sheds new light on how this invisible pollutant injures lung tissue and triggers inflammation, playing a pivotal role in the development of asthma, emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

The proposed system leverages Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) technologies to perform early lung cancer detection through the analysis of chest CT scan images. Designed as an AI-powered diagnostic aid, the system operates independently of human interpretation, enhancing speed and reliability in medical imaging evaluation. Built using Python-based technologies, the system utilizes TensorFlow and Keras frameworks for deep learning model development and training, supported by OpenCV for image pre-processing and visualization. The system processes CT scan slices to identify pulmonary nodules (...) and classifies them into benign or malignant categories using a trained CNN model. The detection pipeline includes grayscale normalization, image resizing, and segmentation procedures to enhance the visibility of lung tissues. The CNN model extracts spatial hierarchies of features through multiple convolutional and pooling layers, followed by fully connected layers for final classification. In cases where the system detects potential malignancy, it generates a detailed report including confidence scores, prediction labels, and scan timestamps. To maintain responsiveness and scalability, prediction requests are managed through concurrent processing threads, ensuring timely feedback even when multiple scans are evaluated in sequence. An alert throttling mechanism ensures the reduction of false positives by incorporating prediction stability checks over multiple frames or scans. (shrink)

Khi nói đến ô nhiễm không khí, chúng ta thường nghĩ đến bầu trời mù mịt hay các cảnh báo sức khỏe cộng đồng. Tuy nhiên, ít ai biết rằng ozone (O₃) – một thành phần tưởng chừng vô hình – lại chính là một trong những "thủ phạm" nguy hiểm nhất đối với lá phổi con người. Một tổng quan nghiên cứu gần đây của Russo và cộng sự (2025) đã hé lộ cơ chế mà ozone âm thầm gây (...) tổn thương mô phổi và kích hoạt các phản ứng viêm, góp phần vào sự phát triển của hen suyễn, khí phế thũng và bệnh phổi tắc nghẽn mạn tính (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - COPD). (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic is a major global challenge. There are several risk factors associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19, including age, gender, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and pulmonary diseases. Among these factors, patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and obesity have the highest mortality rates. This paper aims to review how adjusting food and nutrition can help reduce the risk of obese patients contracting COVID-19. Various literature sources were examined, including studies on the genetics of obesity and the (...) consequences it can have, such as diabetes, heart and vascular diseases, cancer, trauma, and infection. Consequently, the role of nutrition in reducing the risk of obese patients being exposed to COVID-19 was described. It is recommended that obese patients strictly adhere to a diet that includes adequate and balanced food intake in order to reduce their risk of contracting COVID-19. (shrink)

An alliance of established experts on critical care, Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (FLCCC), has published two protocols for treatment of COVID-19. The first one, methylprednisolone, ascorbic acid, thiamine, and heparin (MATH+), is intended for hospital and intensive care unit treatment of pulmonary phases of the disease. It is based on affordable, commonly available components: anti-inflammatory corticosteroids (methylprednisolone, "M"), high-dose vitamin C infusion (ascorbic acid, "A"), vitamin B1 (thiamine, "T"), anticoagulant heparin ("H"), antiparasitic agent ivermectin, and supplemental components (...) ("+") including melatonin, vitamin D, elemental zinc, and magnesium. -/- The MATH+ protocol has received scarce attention due to the World Health Organization (WHO) advising against the use of corticosteroids in the beginning of the pandemic. In addition, randomized controlled clinical trials were required as a condition for adoption of the protocol. As the hospital mortality rate of MATH+ treated patients was approximately a quarter of the rate of patients receiving a standard of care, the authors of the protocol considered performing such trials unethical. Other parties have later performed clinical trials with corticosteroids and anticoagulants, which has led to a more widespread adoption of these components. -/- In October 2020, ivermectin was upgraded from an optional component to an essential component of the protocol. According to the authors, ivermectin is considered the first agent effective for both prophylaxis (prevention) of COVID-19 and for treatment of all phases of COVID-19 including outpatient treatment of the early symptomatic phase. Therefore, at the end of October 2020, a separate ivermectin-based I-MASK+ protocol for prophylaxis and early outpatient treatment of COVID-19 was published. (shrink)

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into radiology has the potential to revolutionize emergency medicine by enabling real-time analysis of medical imaging, aiding in faster and more accurate diagnosis. AI-based solutions, particularly those utilizing deep learning models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have shown considerable promise in detecting and interpreting life-threatening conditions, including strokes, fractures, and pulmonary embolisms, directly from imaging data. This paper reviews the application of AI in emergency medicine, with a focus on realtime radiology analysis. (...) We examine the technologies used, the impact of these systems on clinical decision-making, and the challenges associated with their implementation in real-world healthcare settings. (shrink)

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into radiology has the potential to revolutionize emergency medicine by enabling real-time analysis of medical imaging, aiding in faster and more accurate diagnosis. AI-based solutions, particularly those utilizing deep learning models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have shown considerable promise in detecting and interpreting life-threatening conditions, including strokes, fractures, and pulmonary embolisms, directly from imaging data. This paper reviews the application of AI in emergency medicine, with a focus on real- time radiology (...) analysis. We examine the technologies used, the impact of these systems on clinical decision-making, and the challenges associated with their implementation in real-world healthcare settings. (shrink)

Lung cancer is still a detrimental problem for physicians and surgeons. Because of having no standard treatment and poor survival, enforces us to find new approaches for its eradication. However, we have a so long way to this purpose. Genetic and cell researches to find out its real etiology and pathway are developing. But today, patients with lung cancer are waiting for some treatment methods which ease and give hope themselves immediately. Surgery is the most hopeful way for radical solution (...) of lung cancer. Recently, new anesthetic and surgical technics give us some important advantages that were very frightfully before. In this issue, we aimed to emphasize the new researches, interventions and experimental studies about pulmonary carcinoma. All authors worked hard for this purpose. I appreciate all of them and the editor in chief Prof. Murat Sucu. I hope all articles will help us thinking and researching lung cancer in all ways. -/- Prof. A. Feridun Işık. (shrink)

A study of the literature and our own observations allow us to conclude that COVID-19 has become a provoking factor in the onset or aggravation of endocrinopathies. The number of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus has increased, and in persons with an established diagnosis of diabetes, the likelihood of a severe course, complications and mortality has been noted. One of the reasons for this was the lack of routine monitoring and treatment of patients during the quarantine period. The highest percentage of (...) deaths from coronavirus was noted among overweight patients. In the lungs of an obese patient and Kovi d -Infection with pulmonary fibrosis occurs more pronounced than without obesity. The condition of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and pituitary gland is negatively affected by both infection and the methods of treatment that were taken to save patients. (shrink)

Objective: This study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of tubular gastroesophageal anastomosis and traditional gastroesophageal supra-arch anastomosis on the postoperative lung function of patients with esophageal carcinoma. -/- Methods: A total of 90 patients with middle-lower segmental esophageal cancer admitted in our hospital from August 2014 to August 2016 were recruited to our study. They were randomly divided into two groups. The observation group underwent tubular gastroesophageal anastomosis, whereas the control group underwent traditional gastroesophageal supra-arch anastomosis. Changes in (...) the postoperative pulmonary function were compared between the two groups. -/- Results: The numbers of CD4 cells (27.45 ± 5.48), CD8 cells (35.97 ± 7.16), and natural killer cells (20.79 ± 2.49), as well as the CH4/CD8 ratio (0.69 ± 0.18), of the patients in the observation group were significantly higher than the (38.45 ± 5.98), (20.45 ± 6.41), (39.44 ± 3.49), and (1.31 ± 0.48), respectively, of the patients in the control group. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). By contrast, the preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) did not significantly differ between the two groups (P>0.05). The FEV1 (1.76 ± 0.41 L), FVC (2.33 ± 0.32 L), and MVV (33.7 ± 5.2 L/min) of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the complication rate of the observation group was 42.2%, which was significantly lower than that of the control group (75.6%) (P<0.05). -/- Conclusion: Tubular gastroesophageal anastomosis can benefit patients with esophageal cancer by significantly reducing the adverse effects on their postoperative pulmonary function and control the occurrence of postoperative complications. (shrink)

An otherwise lawlike generalisation hedged by a ceteris paribus (CP) clause qualifies as a law of nature, if the CP clause can be substituted with a set of conditions derived from the multivariate regression model used to interpret the empirical data in support of the gen- eralisation. Three studies in human biology that use regression analysis are surveyed, showing that standard objections to cashing out CP clauses in this way—based on alleged vagueness, vacuity, or lack of testability—do not apply. CP (...) laws also cannot be said to be simply false due to the indefinitely many conditions not explicitly stated in their associated model: scientific CP clauses imply that these are, given the evidence, not nomically relevant. (shrink)

In developing nations, pneumonia is the leading cause of death for young children; however, mortality can be effectively decreased with early diagnosis and care. The objectives of the review are to evaluate the significance of clinical signs and symptoms in diagnosing pneumonia, and treatment in children under the age of five, as well as to examine the precision of WHO criteria in diagnosing clinical pneumonia in general people. According to the World Health Organization's definition and the Integrated Management of Childhood (...) Illness (IMCI) initiative, pneumonia is clinically characterized by an acute cough, with or without fever, accompanied by dyspnea or tachypnea. Acute infections of the gut and gastroenteritis can be effectively controlled and treated. Acute respiratory infections, particularly pneumonia, are increasingly regarded as the leading infectious cause of mortality among children in developing nations. The diagnosis of pneumonia is primarily clinical and categorized into four domains: clinical assessment, epidemiological factors, radiographic imaging, and standard laboratory results. Pneumonia can be classified into three categories: bacterial, viral, and acute pneumonia. In every instance, a potential diagnosis should be made and the appropriate course of therapy should be administered based on the features of that pneumonia. Preventing and lowering the death and morbidity of this significant disease in children can be greatly aided by physicians having precise and accurate information on how to identify and treat it without incurring additional expenses. (shrink)

A precise overview of pediatric emergencies would require taxological considerations around the differences between strictly neurological factors, as modulated both via neuroanatomical differentiation in the context of normal vs. abnormal biological development, and underlying neurofunctional mechanisms, and the connection with such processes with the neuromodulated activation of digestive processes. Furthermore, an important distinction between nephrological considerations and urological considerations is necessary, more specifically, by focusing on the treatment of diseases affecting the kidneys and their ability to function in the first (...) case, and on the treatment of diseases affecting the urinary tract in the latter. In this paper, we will present a general overview of the most important aspects of each category, starting with the brief description of neurological emergencies as indicating a general (system-based vs. localized) deterioration of mental capacity, with added possible partial or full loss of cognitive capacities and/or impaired perceptual modalities and consciousness, with or without response to stimuli. (shrink)