Support for agricultural producers in the European Union remained uneven, as preferences were given to the most economically stable regions and businesses. Intensive farming methods continued to be used, with consequences for both the environment and animal health. In addition, the applicant countries that joined the European Union had to adopt legislation, i.e. meet the parameters and criteria that exist in the Single Market for agricultural products, namely: to ensure appropriate product quality, update the technical and technological base of production, (...) introduce innovative technologies for growing grain and fattening animals, etc. (shrink)

Намагання пізнати, осмислити суспільство, реалізувати своє ставлення до нього супроводжувало людство на всіх етапах його історії. На цій хвилі й постала у 30-х роках ХІХ століття соціологія як наука про суспільство. Соціологія (від лат. societas – суспільство і грецьк. logos – знання, поняття, вчення; буквально – вчення про суспільство). Засновником соціології вважають французького вченого, філософа Огюста Конта (1798 – 1857), який ототожнював соціологію з суспільствознавством, що охоплює всі галузі знань про суспільство. Соціологія – наука про розвиток і функціонування суспільства, соціальних (...) відносин і соціальних процесів, механізмів і принципів їхньої взаємодії. (shrink)

The study examines the genesis and features of the formation of modern constitutionalism in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors made an attempt to reveal the specifics of Kazakhstan constitutionalism, its axiology and describe the adopted governance mechanisms. They prove that the dynamics of transformations of the Kazakhstan constitutionalism is based on neo-patrimonial social relations and neopatrimonial relations of power, and the purpose of the ongoing constitutional reforms is to preserve the stability of the state structure, taking into account the (...) spiritual, moral, cultural and historical characteristics of the peoples inhabiting Kazakhstan. To determine the peculiarities of Kazakhstan constitutionalism, the authors use the methods of political science: general logical and empirical, dogmatic and neoinstitutionalistic approaches, special legal methods of cognition: formal legal method, formal logical method, systemic method, technical and legal method. The article substantiates that the so-called superpresidential era ends in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the characteristics of the presidential-parliamentary system appear. The authors put forward the following thesis: this situation is caused by the fact that the ex-president did not bring up a successor capable of adequately continuing and developing the cause of building a sovereign Kazakhstan. Therefore, it is necessary to change the mechanisms of state administration in order to preserve power in the hands of the ex-president using other means. It also serves as a means of minimizing the risk that the incumbent president will not be able to fully respond to the challenges facing the state, which would have negative consequences for large social groups. It should also be noted that the authors' task was not to analyze the institution of the national leader (elbasy) and its place in the constitutional system of Kazakhstan. The article notes that the development of Kazakhstan constitutionalism goes through three main stages. At the first stage, there is a conflict between the Kazakh traditions of state structure and the Soviet model of state structure. The second stage is the abolition of Soviet constitutional decisions and the simultaneous formation of the Kazakh state structure of the state of Kazakhstan. And the third stage is the construction of monarchical presidentialism as a form of government that contributes to the stability of the state structure and international subjectivity of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and subsequently – its dismantling, justified by the same constitutional values. (shrink)

The paper analyzes the theory of social identity. The role the individuals’ intentions play in the processes of social identities construction is considered. The article shows the potential of rational choice theory as an alternative approach to the social identity conceptualization. The lack of existing theories, in the author’s opinion, is in the absence of description and analysis of identity-choosing processes. The prevailing view is that social identity is formed unconsciously and by pressure of structural factors. The paper suggests that (...) sociological rational choice theory can replace psychological theories which pay more attention to the individual level processes. In rational choice theory identity is understood as a matter of choice and a source of pleasure. Thus in rational choice theory, identity is still considered as a social phenomenon. It influences the individual’s behavior, but the reason for this is contained not in coercion of social structures, but in the risk of losing something valuable. Individuals do not want to risk their “source of satisfaction”, and consciously identify themselves with a group trying to maximize the measure of “group conformity”. However, this cannot be considered as an exhaustive explanation which excludes all others. The author believes that it is impossible to synthesize a single consistent theory of identity, because in this case we would have to combine incompatible things. (shrink)

Автор статті аналізує осмислення проблеми свободи у новітній політичній філософії, виокремлює основні типи взаємозв’язку свободи та справедливості в контексті «усвідомлення несправедливості» та дорогої ціни свободи, прагнення до особистої та національної свободи, самостійності, самовизначення. У статті доводиться, що, на відміну від традиційної дилеми «негативної» та «позитивної» свободи, новітня політична філософія прагне створити її змістовний, різноплановий реалістичний концепт. Важливою ознакою останнього стало розширення «права свободи», подолання її формалізованого індивідуалістично-ліберального та звуженого патерналістсько-комунікативного бачення через звернення до «рефлексивної, соціальної» свободи, нового розуміння свободи особистої (...) та політичної. Таким чином, О. Гьофе, А. Гонет, Дж. Раз, Р. Дворкін пропонують доповнити принцип рівної свободи Дж. Ролза змістовною ідеєю про контекстуальні, соціокультурні, морально-етичні засади свободи, роздумами про ціну, можливості, прояви та межі свободи. Підсумовуючи осмислення проблеми свободи в сучасній філософії, автор наголошує на особливостях пошуку на її обширах шляхів подолання розмаїтих проявів соціальної несправедливості, приниження, зневаги людської гідності. Це має відбуватися на засадах осягнення внутрішнього потенціалу самого феномена свободи як принципово важливої (насамперед для вітчизняного простору) можливості узгодження нормативно-інституційних, правових її вимірів з реальним прагненням людей до свободи і справедливості. (shrink)

Mental issues gained a new meaning in the light of social and cultural changes early XXI century, it becomes a tool for interdisciplinary study of the social and human processes. Broadly mental space presents the functioning of individual and social consciousness and his condition is determined by the content of such concepts as «mentality», «identity» and axiological foundation functioning society. In the mental space of just mentality mindset is constant basis for determining the individual and society courses, values, value- regulatory (...) guidelines. The structure of the national mentality contains a lot of levels and components, but, in our view, attribute values are as follows: – «archetypal» component mentality – system components archetypes and the collective unconscious; cognitive component – the image of the world and ways of thinking collective subject; value-semantic component – values, values orientation, ideals and regulations; emotional component – evaluation, emotions, feelings; behavioral component – the motives and behavior. It is noted that each of these components has an unconscious and conscious level, through national mentality phenomenon affects stable and unstable structural state. All this forms the so-called «mental space», which is a set of values basics mentality sphere of operation and its results expressed in the formation of social and cultural identity. Mental space has several basic centers on which is identified members of society, and circulates the mentality of the individual. Powerful external influences / changes or the emergence of crisis mentality cause mental space transformation of society, as reflected in the development of new mental structures and updating existing content. Changes occurring mental space according to the trends of society. Mental space postmodern Ukrainian society undoubtedly marked remnants of the Soviet era which essentially is a combination of opposite qualities, on the one hand, low self- discipline, disunity, legal nihilism, paternalism, extremism, intolerance, and on the other, tolerance, excessive patience, judgment, adaptability, creativity, receptivity to new, generosity, sense of duty and the pursuit of high morality. The basic causes inhibition of modernization of Ukrainian society related to the spiritual sphere, which is an integral basis of changes in Ukrainian society, defined The priority objective of this process – the formation of the new man and the new community. One of the key issues of the spiritual life of Ukraine is to overcome an identity crisis. Modernization of Ukrainian society depends on the socio-cultural identification of its members. However, keeping a national, ethnic, civic identity, it is important to overcome as a relic of the past regional distribution of people and the state, which should be the basis for social integration based on shared values and goals. Overcoming the crisis of identity and should contribute to the consolidation of Ukrainian society and reduce its conflict, and the growth potential of the life of the people and the state as a whole. A society where consensus regarding its spiritual foundations which are recognized and accepted by all members of society – can be seen as a stable system capable of constructive changes since eliminated the main source of internal contradictions regarding the consistency and focus of future development. Today we can say that the destruction of the old model of identity in Ukraine actually occurred, but instead a new model of socially legitimized and enshrined option is not yet fixed. In addition, existing efforts to design a new model of identity is often possible to trace the identification of national and ethnic identity that from a theoretical point of view is incorrect, and on a practical level – false. Complicated geopolitical situation, destructive political events, prolonged situation of «fuzziness» of values shifted the emphasis today in the Ukrainian society available is fluctuating identity that actualizes the problem of traditional spiritual values, goodness, freedom, justice, conscience, mutual respect, human dignity, humanity, family values, etc. In today’s extremely dynamic world mental space Ukrainian society is prone to transformation. However, talking about a substantial change in the mental space of Ukraine is not correct, it certainly incorporates new meanings and values, but deep initial interpretation is not lost. (shrink)