The achievements of classic and modern philosophy and methodology of scienсe have been concisely presented to help future professionals gain the necessary knowledge of modern philosophy and methodology of scientific knowledge in general and socioeconomic branches in particular. For PhD graduate students.

Проведення розпочатих реформ в Україні та виконання міжнародних вимог Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом у сфері молодіжної політики є важливим етапом становлення та розвитку молодіжної роботи. Роль молоді, молодіжної роботи, визнання молодіжних працівників у молодіжній політиці на всіх рівнях держави – це великий крок у розвитку майбутньої сильної європейської країни. Мета роботи – проаналізувати особливості становлення та розвиток молодіжної роботи в країнах Європейського Союзу. Для досягнення мети в дослідженні використано комплекс загальнонаукових методів: аналіз наукових публікацій для окреслення (...) сутності проблеми становлення та розвитку молодіжної роботи в країнах ЄС, аналіз, синтез – для виокремлення особливостей розвитку молодіжної роботи в країнах ЄС, систематизація та узагальнення проблем становлення та розвитку молодіжної роботи в різних країнах ЄС для формулювання висновків за результатами дослідження. Наукова новизна роботи полягає у тому, що в дослідженні вперше розглянуто становлення та розвиток молодіжної роботи у 13 країнах Європейського Союзу, окреслено історичні етапи розвитку молодіжної роботи в країнах ЄС, вивчено нормативно-правові документи, акти, які регламентують молодіжну політику та молодіжну роботу, висвітлено форми роботи з молоддю, заходи, які організовують для молоді, та аспекти підготовки молодіжних працівників у країнах ЄС. Становлення та розвиток молодіжної роботи в країнах Європейського Союзу мають різний рівень; кожна країна особлива, має свої звичаї, традиції, історію розвитку молодіжної роботи, нормативно-правову базу, стратегії розвитку, програми для підготовки фахівців молодіжної роботи – молодіжних працівників. (shrink)

Modern Ukraine, together with the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, belongs to a group of European countries that have their own indigenous Muslim population. Islam in Ukraine has more than a thousand years of history. The first Muslims who systematically lived or roamed the lands of present-day Ukraine were the steppes. Its carriers are the Volga and Crimean Tatars, representatives of the Caucasian-Biberian language group, small diasporic associations of other Turkic-speaking peoples, and some ethnic Ukrainians, Belarussians and Russians.

The largest war of modern times continues in Syria since 2011. Several quasi-states with different political status control its territory; as a result Syria ceased to exist as a unified state. The purpose of paper is to consider the process of the transformation of state to quasi-state on the experience of contemporary Syria. The subject of research is a functional incapacity causing emergence a quasi-state. The article is based on the studies in the area of quasi-states, undertaken by experts in (...) the field of political science, peace and security studies, modern history, as well as international legal documents and media reports on Syrian problem. The functional incapacity of Syrian regime was the prime internal factor, which facilitated the escalation of civil war in 2011, transformation of Syria into a quasi-state as well as development 104 of new quasi-states. A quasi state is a political entity, which presents itself as a state, but is not one in fact. A state, having suffered functional incapacity for a long time, becomes shiftless in crisis time, like Arab spring. In the case of Syria this led to civil war and partial collapse of the state. The main mistakes made by Assad regime in 2011 spring was inability to preserve the government’s monopoly on violence, unwillingness to launch political reforms and tolerating internationalization of the conflict caused by weakness of Syrian authorities. Therefore, Syria consistently transformed into a quasi-state during 2011-2015. This process slowed down only after Russian intervention into war in October 2015, following which Assad forces improved their positions. Japanese and German economic miracles after WWII demonstrate that functional incapacity can be overcome by systematical program of reforms. If one or several of contemporary quasistates in Syria managed to win their functional incapacity, it would become legal successors of ante-bellum Syria either domestically or externally. This will manifest the transformation of Syria from a quasi-state back to a state. (shrink)

One of the key features of the phenomenon of populism should be considered a high level of personalization of politics, a close relationship between the spread and level of impact of the populist movement and the personality of its leader. This feature is not, of course, extremely characteristic of populism because charismatic leaders can run for leading positions defending the system of values, far from the populism of any sort - conservative, for example, or a career within the inflential organizational (...) structures with a strong tradition, for example, such as the church. However, populist movement almost always charismatic leadership is a must. On the other hand, in an open, public political struggle populist rhetoric techniques and appear strong, and sometimes necessary tool. Important actors on the political scene of Athens were like during the struggle aristocracy and demos, as well as in strongly institutionalized democracy, demagogues - leaders or leaders of the people. Obviously, is wrong to equate the activities and are very important for the political struggle in the ancient polis oratorical practice all «popular leaders» of demagoguery in the modern sense of the term. In the end, there was even a demagogue Pericles. However, it was in their activities can seem to see bright and examples of demagoguery and populist methods of political struggle. These are some historical and political subjects belonging to different epochs occurred in very different social circumstances and conditions. Nevertheless, they lead us to the conclusion that the charismatic type of political leadership, which by its very content related primarily to appeal to the emotions, even the subconscious of people, is the most populist technologies related to political inflence. However, these stories give grounds to assert that populist willingness to oppose direct public institutional and procedural component of democracy in practice almost inevitably leads to concentration of mass by expectations of political action in the face of a charismatic leader. The nature, scope and results of operations of the leader and his supporters can be very different - from a particular transformation of a democratic system that is in crisis. (shrink)

Present international relations are a complex of relatively particular varieties, especially political, diplomatic, economic, religious, cultural and media relations. Integration is a versatile and complex phenomenon. It is quite diffiult process which does not have defiitive typology. Integration determines patterns of development of the modern world, because it inflences the global structure, global governance. At the present, the development of integration organizations has great importance in international relations. These organizations exist in all regions. They have a great inflence on the (...) development of political, economic, social and cultural relations between states that are members of these associations. New integration structure should ensure an active human development in general. This is the main criteria and principles of the modern world, and according to this criteria, it is also an institutional functional mechanism. In particular, the process of integration is very popular in Latin America. In Latin America, there are a large number of different integration organizations. Among them are: Latin American Integration Association, Andean Community of Nations, Central American Integration System. All of these organizations inflence the development of integration processes on the continent. Latin American integration has one feature. The cooperation between states has an economic basis. The above organizations have not only economic interests, but also common political, cultural, eco and social projects. It can be argued that the process of integration in Latin America is developing rapidly and has great prospects. But there are some problems. First of all, there is no unity among the states. Different countries have different integration strategy. Also, Latin American countries do not develop uniformly. Argentina and Brazil are developing faster rate than other countries. Thus, it is obvious that the integration of Latin America has some problems. But there are many organizations that are developing and increase their potential. (shrink)