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  1. Just liability and reciprocity reasons for treating wounded soldiers.Michael J. Selgelid - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (2):19 – 21.
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  • Without consent: Moral imperatives, special abilities, and the duty to treat.Nadia N. Sawicki - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (8):33 – 35.
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  • Are Military and Medical Ethics Necessarily Incompatible? A Canadian Case Study.Christiane Rochon & Bryn Williams-Jones - 2016 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 44 (4):639-651.
    Military physicians are often perceived to be in a position of ‘dual loyalty’ because they have responsibilities towards their patients but also towards their employer, the military institution. Further, they have to ascribe to and are bound by two distinct codes of ethics, each with its own set of values and duties, that could at first glance be considered to be very different or even incompatible. How, then, can military physicians reconcile these two codes of ethics and their distinct professional/institutional (...)
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  • Collective Military Virtues.Per Sandin - 2007 - Journal of Military Ethics 6 (4):303-314.
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  • Respect for Human Dignity as an Emotion and Virtue.Adam C. Pelser - 2015 - Res Philosophica 92 (4):743-763.
    Although it does not appear on many traditional lists of the virtues, respect for human dignity is an important virtue in its own right that is characterized as much by emotions as by other mental states and actions. The virtue of respect for human dignity essentially involves the dispositions to feel the emotion of respect for the dignity of others and an emotional sense of one’s own dignity. As exemplified by Nelson Mandela, this virtue also involves a keen perceptual sensitivity (...)
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  • Ethical and philosophical consideration of the dual-use dilemma in the biological sciences.Seumas Miller & Michael J. Selgelid - 2007 - Science and Engineering Ethics 13 (4):523-580.
    The dual-use dilemma arises in the context of research in the biological and other sciences as a consequence of the fact that one and the same piece of scientific research sometimes has the potential to be used for bad as well as good purposes. It is an ethical dilemma since it is about promoting good in the context of the potential for also causing harm, e.g., the promotion of health in the context of providing the wherewithal for the killing of (...)
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  • Health Care in Contexts of Risk, Uncertainty, and Hybridity.Daniel Messelken & David Winkler (eds.) - 2021 - Springer.
    This book sheds light on various ethical challenges military and humanitarian health care personnel face while working in adverse conditions. Contexts of armed conflict, hybrid wars or other forms of violence short of war, as well as natural disasters, all have in common that ordinary circumstances can no longer be taken for granted. Hence, the provision of health care has to adapt, for example, to a different level of risk, to scarce resources, or uncommon approaches due to external incentives or (...)
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  • A framework for Military Bioethics.Maxwell J. Mehlman & Stephanie Corley - 2014 - Journal of Military Ethics 13 (4):331-349.
    A widely accepted framework governs biomedical research and the practice of medicine in the civilian sector, but no such framework exists to guide the military in how it should treat its own personnel. Civilian bioethical principles are unsuitable because of fundamental differences between civilian and military core values. This paper proposes a framework for military bioethics. It begins by describing core military values, articulating how they differ from civilian goals and values, and explaining how these differences limit the ability of (...)
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  • Dual loyalties: Everyday ethical problems of registered nurses and physicians in combat zones.Kristina Lundberg, Sofia Kjellström & Lars Sandman - 2019 - Nursing Ethics 26 (2):480-495.
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  • The land of no milk and no honey: force feeding in Israel.Zohar Lederman & Shmuel Lederman - 2017 - Monash Bioethics Review 34 (3-4):158-188.
    In 2015, the Israeli Knesset passed the force-feeding act that permits the director of the Israeli prison authority to appeal to the district court with a request to force-feed a prisoner against his expressed will. A recent position paper by top Israeli clinicians and bioethicists, published in Hebrew, advocates for force-feeding by medical professionals and presents several arguments that this would be appropriate. Here, we first posit three interrelated questions: 1. Do prisoners have a right to hunger-strike? 2. Should governing (...)
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  • Prisoners’ competence to die: hunger strike and cognitive competence.Zohar Lederman - 2018 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 39 (4):321-334.
    Several bioethicists have recently advocated the force-feeding of prisoners, based on the assumption that prisoners have reduced or no autonomy. This assumed lack of autonomy follows from a decrease in cognitive competence, which, in turn, supposedly derives from imprisonment and/or being on hunger strike. In brief, causal links are made between imprisonment or voluntary total fasting and mental disorders and between mental disorders and lack of cognitive competence. I engage the bioethicists that support force-feeding by severing both of these causal (...)
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  • Public health and duties to the population during a pandemic.Kenneth Kirkwood - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (8):35 – 36.
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  • Anthropologists in Arms: The Ethics of Military Anthropology.Kerry Fosher - 2010 - Journal of Military Ethics 9 (2):177-181.
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  • Operational conditions: Legal capacity of a patient soldier refusing medical treatment.J. C. Kelly - 2011 - Nursing Ethics 18 (6):825-834.
    Using a three-dimensional ethical role-specific model, this article considers the dual loyalty conflict between following military orders and professional codes of practice in an operational military environment when a patient soldier refuses life-saving medical treatment and where their legal capacity is questionable. The article suggests that although every competent patient has the right to refuse medical treatment even though they may die as a consequence. Ordinarily, it is unethical to exert any undue influence on a patient to accept medical treatment, (...)
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  • Battlefield conditions: Different environment but the same duty of care.Janet Kelly - 2010 - Nursing Ethics 17 (5):636-645.
    Using an interpretative research approach to ethical and legal literature, it is argued that nursing in the battlefield is distinctly different to civilian nursing, even in an emergency, and that the environment is so different that a duty of care owed by military nurses to wounded soldiers should not apply. Such distinct differences in wartime can override normal peacetime professional ethics to the extent that the duty of care owed by military nurses to their patients on the battlefield should not (...)
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  • The principle of salvage in the context of COVID‐19.Alan J. Kearns - 2021 - Nursing Inquiry 28 (1):e12389.
    The prioritisation of scarce resources has a particular urgency within the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic crisis. This paper sets out a hypothetical case of Patient X (who is a nurse) and Patient Y (who is a non‐health care worker). They are both in need of a ventilator due to COVID‐19 with the same clinical situation and expected outcomes. However, there is only one ventilator available. In addressing the question of who should get priority, the proposal is made that the (...)
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  • Review of Michael L. Gross. Bioethics and Armed Conflict/moral Dilemmas of Medicine and War.1. [REVIEW]Edmund G. Howe - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (10):82-83.
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  • Health Justice for Unjust Combatants.Blake Hereth - 2021 - Journal of Military Ethics 20 (1):67-81.
    Are field medics morally permitted to treat unjust combatants? I distinguish between two kinds of enemy combatants: reactivated ones who will rejoin the fight, and deactivated ones who will not rejoin the fight. Helen Frowe has argued that field medics are not permitted to treat reactivated combatants but is silent about deactivated ones. First, I argue that Frowe’s account plausibly extends to a moral prohibition on treating deactivated combatants in addition to reactivated ones. Second, I argue that the best argument (...)
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  • Why treat the wounded? Warrior care, military salvage, and national health.Michael L. Gross - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (2):3 – 12.
    Because the goal of military medicine is salvaging the wounded who can return to duty, military medical ethics cannot easily defend devoting scarce resources to those so badly injured that they cannot return to duty. Instead, arguments turn to morale and political obligation to justify care for the seriously wounded. Neither argument is satisfactory. Care for the wounded is not necessary to maintain an army's morale. Nor is there any moral or logical connection between the right to health care (a (...)
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  • Teaching Military Medical Ethics: Another Look at Dual Loyalty and Triage.Michael L. Gross - 2010 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 19 (4):458-464.
    Military medical ethics is garnering growing attention today among medical personal in the American and other armies. Short courses or workshops in “battlefield ethics” for military physicians, nurses, medics, social workers, and psychologists address the nature of patient rights in the military, care for detainees, enemy soldiers and local civilians, problems posed by limited resources, ethical questions arising in humanitarian missions, as well as end-of-life issues, ethics consultations, care for veterans, advance directives, and assisted suicide. Although many of these issues (...)
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  • Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Saving Life, Limb, and Eyesight: Assessing the Medical Rules of Eligibility During Armed Conflict”.Michael L. Gross - 2017 - American Journal of Bioethics 17 (10):1-3.
    Medical rules of eligibility permit severely injured Iraqi and Afghan nationals to receive care in Coalition medical facilities only if bed space is available and their injuries result directly from Coalition fire. The first rule favors Coalition soldiers over host-nation nationals and contradicts the principle of impartial, needs-based medical care. To justify preferential care for compatriots, wartime medicine invokes associative obligations of care that favor friends, family, and comrades-in-arms. Associative obligations have little place in peacetime medical care but significantly affect (...)
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  • Military Medical Ethics.Michael L. Gross - 2013 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 22 (1):92-109.
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  • Military Medical Ethics.Michael L. Gross - 2013 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 22 (1):92-109.
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  • Letter to the editor.Michael L. Gross - 2018 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 39 (4):335-336.
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  • Caring for and about enemy injured.Jed Adam Gross - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (2):23 – 27.
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  • Comradery, community, and care in military medical ethics.Michael L. Gross - 2011 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 32 (5):337-350.
    Medical ethics prohibits caregivers from discriminating and providing preferential care to their compatriots and comrades. In military medicine, particularly during war and when resources may be scarce, ethical principles may dictate priority care for compatriot soldiers. The principle of nondiscrimination is central to utilitarian and deontological theories of justice, but communitarianism and the ethics of care and friendship stipulate a different set of duties for community members, friends, and family. Similar duties exist among the small cohesive groups that typify many (...)
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  • The ethics of biomedical military research: Therapy, prevention, enhancement, and risk.Alexandre Erler & Vincent C. Müller - 2021 - In Daniel Messelken & David Winkler (eds.), Health Care in Contexts of Risk, Uncertainty, and Hybridity. Springer. pp. 235-252.
    What proper role should considerations of risk, particularly to research subjects, play when it comes to conducting research on human enhancement in the military context? We introduce the currently visible military enhancement techniques (1) and the standard discussion of risk for these (2), in particular what we refer to as the ‘Assumption’, which states that the demands for risk-avoidance are higher for enhancement than for therapy. We challenge the Assumption through the introduction of three categories of enhancements (3): therapeutic, preventive, (...)
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  • Ethical challenges faced by French military doctors deployed in the Sahel (Operation Barkhane): a qualitative study.Marie-Ange Einaudi, Marion Trousselard, Clément Derkenne & Antoine Lamblin - 2021 - BMC Medical Ethics 22 (1):1-13.
    BackgroundFrench military doctors are currently deployed in the Sahel to support the armed forces of Operation Barkhane, in medical or surgical units. As well as supporting French soldiers, their other missions are diverse and complex: medical assistance to civilians and persons under control (PUC), advice to commanding officers. These tasks can create ethical dilemmas when decisions are forced upon doctors that may be in conflict with medical values or fundamental principles. Little is known about the specific dilemmas experienced by French (...)
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  • Mercy killing in battle.Stephen Deakin - 2013 - Journal of Military Ethics 12 (2):162 - 180.
    Mercy killing in battle is an illegal activity, yet, the evidence suggests, it happens on battlefields the world over and it has probably done so throughout human history. This may be a ?silent? part of the battlefield that few survivors wish to remember or to report subsequently. The practice is illegal, yet it raises difficult, perhaps sometimes impossible, ethical problems. A framework derived from the ethos of the just war tradition is developed here to analyse and to evaluate such battlefield (...)
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  • Triage, Treatment, and Torture: Ethical Challenges for US Military Medicine in Iraq.Christian Enemark - 2008 - Journal of Military Ethics 7 (3):186-201.
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  • The Separation Wall and the right to healthcare.Melania Borgo & Mario Picozzi - 2016 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 19 (4):523-529.
    Nowadays, the concepts of soldier and war have changed due to terrorism and the war on terrorism. According to the literature, to prevent terrorism, it is possible to use more violence, but how can we grant the safety of many versus the dignity of a few? In Israel, in order to protect civilians against possible terrorist attacks, Palestinian ambulances that would reach the Israeli hospitals must be quickly controlled. However, many times, at the checkpoint, patients have to wait for an (...)
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  • Neuroenhancements in the Military: A Mixed-Method Pilot Study on Attitudes of Staff Officers to Ethics and Rules.Agnes Allansdottir, Gian Galeazzi, Jonathan Moreno, Imre Bárd, David Whetham, Ilina Singh, Edward Jacobs & Sebastian Sattler - 2022 - Neuroethics 15 (1):1-18.
    Utilising science and technology to maximize human performance is often an essential feature of military activity. This can often be focused on mission success rather than just the welfare of the individuals involved. This tension has the potential to threaten the autonomy of soldiers and military physicians around the taking or administering of enhancement neurotechnologies (e.g., pills, neural implants, and neuroprostheses). The Hybrid Framework was proposed by academic researchers working in the U.S. context and comprises “rules” for military neuroenhancement (e.g., (...)
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  • military engagement in civilian healthcare; an ethical perspective.Peter Olsthoorn, Myriame Bollen, Sebastiaan Rietjens & Masood Khalil - 2012 - In Robert Beeres, Jan van der Meulen, Joseph Soeters & Ad Vogelaar (eds.), Mission Uruzgan: Collaborating in Multiple Coalitions for Afghanistan. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 251-264.
    This chapter attempts to identify some ethical concerns evoked by military engagement in healthcare reconstruction. By bringing empirical evidence to the ongoing debate in military and development communities we aim to shed some light on the central question if and how, from a military ethical point of view, military should be involved in healthcare reconstruction during stabilization and reconstruction operations in Uruzgan.
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  • Physicians at War: Betraying a Pacifist Professional Ethos?Daniel Messelken - 2012 - Filozofski Godišnjak 25:379-400.
    This paper examines the question whether physicians are obligated by their professional ethos to defend a pacifist position. The question is a more concrete and applied formulation of the general thesis that there are what I will call “pacifist professions”: professions whose ethos requires their members to act in a pacifist way. Since the present paper is rather one in applied philosophy than a theoretical one about the foundation of pacifism, it will concentrate on the practical issue of whether and (...)
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  • Civilian Care in War: Lessons from Afghanistan.Peter Olsthoorn & Myriame Bollen - 2013 - In Michael Gross & Don Carrick (eds.), Military Medical Ethics forthe 21st Century. Ashgate. pp. 59-70.
    Military doctors and nurses, employees with a compound professional identity as they are neither purely soldiers nor simply doctors or nurses, face a role conflict between the clinical professional duties to a patient and obligations, express or implied, real or perceived, to the interests of a third party such as an employer, an insurer, the state, or in this context, military command (London et al. 2006). In the context of military medical ethics this is commonly called dual loyalty (or, less (...)
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