Switch to: References

Add citations

You must login to add citations.
  1. Conditionals: A theory of meaning, pragmatics, and inference.Philip Johnson-Laird & Ruth M. J. Byrne - 2002 - Psychological Review 109 (4):646-678.
    The authors outline a theory of conditionals of the form If A then C and If A then possibly C. The 2 sorts of conditional have separate core meanings that refer to sets of possibilities. Knowledge, pragmatics, and semantics can modulate these meanings. Modulation can add information about temporal and other relations between antecedent and consequent. It can also prevent the construction of possibilities to yield 10 distinct sets of possibilities to which conditionals can refer. The mental representation of a (...)
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   182 citations  
  • Conditional reasoning with a spatial content requires visuo-spatial working memory.Wouter Duyck, André Vandierendonck & Gino De Vooght - 2003 - Thinking and Reasoning 9 (3):267-287.
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  • Working memory and reasoning: An individual differences perspective.Alison Capon, Simon Handley & Ian Dennis - 2003 - Thinking and Reasoning 9 (3):203 – 244.
    This article reports three experiments that investigated the relationship between working memory capacity and syllogistic and five-term series spatial inference. A series of complex and simple verbal and spatial working memory measures were employed. Correlational analyses showed that verbal and spatial working memory span tasks consistently predicted syllogistic and spatial reasoning performance. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that three factors best accounted for the data--a verbal, a spatial, and a general factor. Syllogistic reasoning performance loaded all three factors, whilst spatial (...)
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   8 citations  
  • Advancing the rationality debate.Keith E. Stanovich & Richard F. West - 2000 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (5):701-717.
    In this response, we clarify several misunderstandings of the understanding/acceptance principle and defend our specific operationalization of that principle. We reiterate the importance of addressing the problem of rational task construal and we elaborate the notion of computational limitations contained in our target article. Our concept of thinking dispositions as variable intentional-level styles of epistemic and behavioral regulation is explained, as is its relation to the rationality debate. Many of the suggestions of the commentators for elaborating two-process models are easily (...)
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   22 citations  
  • Probability Judgements about Indicative Conditionals: An Erotetic Theory.Sam Carter - 2016 - Logic Journal of the IGPL 24 (4).
    Research into the cognition of conditionals has predominantly focused on conditional reasoning, producing a range of theories which explain associated phenomena with considerable success. However, such theories have been less successful in accommodating experimental data concerning how agents assess the probability of indicative conditionals. Since an acceptable account of conditional reasoning should be compatible with evidence regarding how we evaluate conditionals’ likelihoods, this constitutes a failing of such theories. Section 1 introduces the most dominant established approach to conditional reasoning: mental (...)
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  • Conditional reasoning by mental models: chronometric and developmental evidence.Pierre Barrouillet, Nelly Grosset & Jean-François Lecas - 2000 - Cognition 75 (3):237-266.
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   29 citations  
  • Individual differences in working memory and conditional reasoning with concrete and abstract content.Henry Markovits, Celine Doyon & Michael Simoneau - 2002 - Thinking and Reasoning 8 (2):97 – 107.
    This study examined the hypothesis that conditional reasoning involves visual short-term memory resources (Johnson-Laird, 1985). A total of 147 university students were given measures of verbal and visual short-term memory capacity and a series of concrete and abstract conditional reasoning problems. Results indicate that there is a positive correlation between verbal working memory capacity and reasoning with both concrete and abstract premises. A positive correlation was also obtained between visual working memory capacity and reasoning with concrete premises.
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   10 citations  
  • Real Objects Can Impede Conditional Reasoning but Augmented Objects Do Not.Yuri Sato, Yutaro Sugimoto & Kazuhiro Ueda - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (2):691-707.
    In this study, Knauff and Johnson-Laird's visual impedance hypothesis is applied to the domain of external representations and diagrammatic reasoning. We show that the use of real objects and augmented real objects can control human interpretation and reasoning about conditionals. As participants made inferences, they also moved objects corresponding to premises. Participants who moved real objects made more invalid inferences than those who moved AR objects and those who did not manipulate objects. Our results showed that real objects impeded conditional (...)
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  • Reasoning With Conditionals About Everyday and Mathematical Concepts in Primary School.Anastasia Datsogianni, Beate Sodian, Henry Markovits & Stefan Ufer - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  • On the impacts of working memory training on executive functioning.Tiina Salminen, Tilo Strobach & Torsten Schubert - 2012 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6.
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   8 citations  
  • Mental models and the suppositional account of conditionals.Pierre Barrouillet, Caroline Gauffroy & Jean-François Lecas - 2008 - Psychological Review 115 (3):760-771.
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   18 citations  
  • Selecting Presuppositions in Conditional Clauses. Results from a Psycholinguistic Experiment.Filippo Domaneschi, Elena Carrea, Carlo Penco & Alberto Greco - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6.
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   2 citations  
  • Probability in reasoning: A developmental test on conditionals.Pierre Barrouillet & Caroline Gauffroy - 2015 - Cognition 137 (C):22-39.
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   5 citations  
  • A dual-process specification of causal conditional reasoning.Niki Verschueren, Walter Schaeken & Géry D'Ydewalle - 2005 - Thinking and Reasoning 11 (3):239-278.
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   23 citations  
  • The Truth of Conditional Assertions.Geoffrey P. Goodwin & P. N. Johnson-Laird - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (8):2502-2533.
    Given a basic conditional of the form, If A then C, individuals usually list three cases as possible: A and C, not‐A and not‐C, not‐A and C. This result corroborates the theory of mental models. By contrast, individuals often judge that the conditional is true only in the case of A and C, and that cases of not‐A are irrelevant to its truth or falsity. This result corroborates other theories of conditionals. To resolve the discrepancy, we devised two new tasks: (...)
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   11 citations  
  • : Working memory, inhibitory control and the development of children's reasoning.Simon J. Handley, A. Capon, M. Beveridge, I. Dennis & J. St B. T. Evans - 2004 - Thinking and Reasoning 10 (2):175-195.
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   15 citations  
  • Abstract reasoning and the interpretation of basic conditionals.Henry Markovits, Pier-Luc de Chantal & Janie Brisson - 2018 - Thinking and Reasoning 25 (1):1-13.
    ABSTRACTStudies examining the interpretation that is given to if–then statementstypically use what are referred to as basic conditionals, which give contextless relations between two unrelated concrete terms. However, there is some evidence that basic conditionals require a more abstract form of representation. In order to examine this, we presented participants with truth-table tasks involving either basic conditionals or conditionals referring to imaginary categories, and standard conditional inference tasks with abstract and familiar premises. As expected, fewer typical defective conditional interpretations were (...)
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   2 citations  
  • On the information-processing demands of spatial reasoning.Sergio Morra - 2001 - Thinking and Reasoning 7 (4):347 – 365.
    This article describes a study on capacity limitations that affect the construction of spatial mental models. A process model is presented, according to which the construction of a mental model in Ehrlich and Johnson-Laird's (1982) spatial descriptions task places a workload of six information chunks for continuous and semi-continuous descriptions, and seven chunks for discontinuous descriptions. Participants (48 undergraduate students) performed the spatial descriptions task and the figural intersections test (FIT), which yields a capacity score. The pattern of errors and (...)
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  • Thinking About the Opposite of What Is Said: Counterfactual Conditionals and Symbolic or Alternate Simulations of Negation.Orlando Espino & Ruth M. J. Byrne - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (8):2459-2501.
    When people understand a counterfactual such as “if the flowers had been roses, the trees would have been orange trees,” they think about the conjecture, “there were roses and orange trees,” and they also think about its opposite, the presupposed facts. We test whether people think about the opposite by representing alternates, for example, “poppies and apple trees,” or whether models can contain symbols, for example, “no roses and no orange trees.” We report the discovery of an inference‐to‐alternates effect—a tendency (...)
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   6 citations  
  • Precis of the rational imagination: How people create alternatives to reality.Ruth Mj Byrne - 2007 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30 (5):439-452.
    The human imagination remains one of the last uncharted terrains of the mind. People often imagine how events might have turned out something had been different. The of reality, those aspects more readily changed, indicate that counterfactual thoughts are guided by the same principles as rational thoughts. In the past, rationality and imagination have been viewed as opposites. But research has shown that rational thought is more imaginative than cognitive scientists had supposed. In The Rational Imagination, I argue that imaginative (...)
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   13 citations  
  • The Probabilities of Conditionals Revisited.Igor Douven & Sara Verbrugge - 2013 - Cognitive Science 37 (4):711-730.
    According to what is now commonly referred to as “the Equation” in the literature on indicative conditionals, the probability of any indicative conditional equals the probability of its consequent of the conditional given the antecedent of the conditional. Philosophers widely agree in their assessment that the triviality arguments of Lewis and others have conclusively shown the Equation to be tenable only at the expense of the view that indicative conditionals express propositions. This study challenges the correctness of that assessment by (...)
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   46 citations  
  • Recognition Decisions From Visual Working Memory Are Mediated by Continuous Latent Strengths.J. Ricker Timothy, E. Thiele Jonathan, R. Swagman April & N. Rouder Jeffrey - 2017 - Cognitive Science 41 (6):1510-1532.
    Making recognition decisions often requires us to reference the contents of working memory, the information available for ongoing cognitive processing. As such, understanding how recognition decisions are made when based on the contents of working memory is of critical importance. In this work we examine whether recognition decisions based on the contents of visual working memory follow a continuous decision process of graded information about the correct choice or a discrete decision process reflecting only knowing and guessing. We find a (...)
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  • : Introduction: Why is understanding the development of reasoning important?Henry Markovits & Pierre Barrouillet - 2004 - Thinking and Reasoning 10 (2):113-121.
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   1 citation  
  • Development and necessary norms of reasoning.Henry Markovits - 2014 - Frontiers in Psychology 5.
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark  
  • Working memory and counterexample retrieval for causal conditionals.Wim De Neys, Walter Schaeken & Géry D'Ydewalle - 2005 - Thinking and Reasoning 11 (2):123-150.
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   3 citations  
  • Working memory and everyday conditional reasoning: Retrieval and inhibition of stored counterexamples.Wim De Neys, Walter Schaeken & Géry D'Ydewalle - 1995 - Thinking and Reasoning 11 (4):349-381.
    Two experiments examined the contribution of working memory (WM) to the retrieval and inhibition of background knowledge about counterexamples (alternatives and disablers, Cummins, ) during conditional reasoning. Experiment 1 presented a conditional reasoning task with everyday, causal conditionals to a group of people with high and low WM spans. High spans rejected the logically invalid AC and DA inferences to a greater extent than low spans, whereas low spans accepted the logically valid MP and MT inferences less frequently than high (...)
    Download  
     
    Export citation  
     
    Bookmark   14 citations