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  1. Antibiotic Resistance is a Tragedy of the Commons That Necessitates Global Cooperation.Aidan Hollis & Peter Maybarduk - 2015 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 43 (s3):33-37.
    Antibiotic resistance presents a classic example of the “tragedy of the commons.” In this eponymous tragedy, the commons — shared, public access lands — are overgrazed because farmers can send their livestock onto the land at a zero price. The “tragedy” occurs because overgrazing destroys the land and reduces its ability to provide fodder. The application to antibiotics is obvious: the use of antibiotics creates selection pressure leading to increased proportions of resistant bacteria in the patient and the environment. The (...)
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  • What Will it Take to Address the Global Threat of Antibiotic Resistance?Steven J. Hoffman & Kevin Outterson - 2015 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 43 (s3):6-11.
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  • Some Global Policies for Antibiotic Resistance Depend on Legally Binding and Enforceable Commitments.Asha Behdinan, Steven J. Hoffman & Mark Pearcey - 2015 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 43 (s3):68-73.
    This article assesses which policies for addressing antibiotic resistance as part of a multi-pronged approach would benefit from legalization through an international legal agreement. Ten candidate policies were identified based on a review of existing literature, especially The Lancet Series on Antimicrobial Resistance, The Lancet Infectious Diseases Commission on AMR, and the World Health Organization Global Action Plan for AMR. These policies were then grouped under the headings of access, conservation, and innovation.Each of the ten policies were assessed using four (...)
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  • Addressing Antibiotic Resistance Requires Robust International Accountability Mechanisms.Steven J. Hoffman & Trygve Ottersen - 2015 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 43 (s3):53-64.
    Most proposals for new international agreements aim to address important global challenges. If the goal is to solve problems, then the value of these agreements depends on their ability to influence the world — to shape norms, constrain behavior, facilitate cooperation, and mobilize action. A recent review of empirical studies has suggested that many international agreements fail to achieve their aspirations. The review indicates that the form in which states make commitments to each other — through an international legal agreement (...)
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  • Effective Global Action on Antibiotic Resistance Requires Careful Consideration of Convening Forums.Zain Rizvi & Steven J. Hoffman - 2015 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 43 (s3):74-78.
    The nature and effectiveness of any international legal agreement is heavily shaped by the forum in which it is negotiated and implemented. This includes both the substantive content that global policymakers agree upon and the subsequent state compliance with those provisions. Forums differ in their institutional characteristics, thereby providing unique opportunities and costs for participating actors. Forums may have different mandates, capacities, cultures, members, and legal processes — all of which ultimately affect distributions of power and influence. These differences then (...)
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  • What Will It Take to Address the Global Threat of Antibiotic Resistance?Steven J. Hoffman & Kevin Outterson - 2015 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 43 (2):363-368.
    In March 2015, the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation convened a workshop in Uppsala, Sweden to address questions about antibiotic resistance, in partnership with the Global Strategy Lab, the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, and ReAct – Action on Antibiotic Resistance. Eleven concise articles were commissioned to explore whether ABR depended on global collective action, and if so, what tools could help states and non-state actors to achieve it. This article introduces that collection, which is (...)
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