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  1. Scalar implicature and local pragmatics.Bart Geurts - 2009 - Mind and Language 24 (1):51-79.
    Abstract: The Gricean theory of conversational implicature has always been plagued by data suggesting that what would seem to be conversational inferences may occur within the scope of operators like believe , for example; which for bona fide implicatures should be an impossibility. Concentrating my attention on scalar implicatures, I argue that, for the most part, such observations can be accounted for within a Gricean framework, and without resorting to local pragmatic inferences of any kin d. However, there remains a (...)
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  • Perspectival Plurality, Relativism, and Multiple Indexing.Dan Zeman - 2018 - In Rob Truswell, Chris Cummins, Caroline Heycock, Brian Rabern & Hannah Rohde (eds.), Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 21. Semantics Archives. pp. 1353-1370.
    In this paper I focus on a recently discussed phenomenon illustrated by sentences containing predicates of taste: the phenomenon of " perspectival plurality " , whereby sentences containing two or more predicates of taste have readings according to which each predicate pertains to a different perspective. This phenomenon has been shown to be problematic for (at least certain versions of) relativism. My main aim is to further the discussion by showing that the phenomenon extends to other perspectival expressions than predicates (...)
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  • Evoking Context with Contrastive Stress: Effects on Pragmatic Enrichment.Chris Cummins & Hannah Rohde - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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  • Processing Scalar Implicature: A Constraint‐Based Approach.Judith Degen & Michael K. Tanenhaus - 2015 - Cognitive Science 39 (4):667-710.
    Three experiments investigated the processing of the implicature associated with some using a “gumball paradigm.” On each trial, participants saw an image of a gumball machine with an upper chamber with 13 gumballs and an empty lower chamber. Gumballs then dropped to the lower chamber and participants evaluated statements, such as “You got some of the gumballs.” Experiment 1 established that some is less natural for reference to small sets and unpartitioned sets compared to intermediate sets. Partitive some of was (...)
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  • The Implicit Dimension of Meaning: Ways of “Filling In” and “Filling Out” Content.Anne Bezuidenhout - 2015 - Erkenntnis 80 (1):89-109.
    I distinguish between the classical Gricean approach to conversational implicatures , which I call the action-theoretic approach, and the approach to CIs taken in contemporary cognitive science. Once we free ourselves from the AT account, and see implicating as a form of what I call “conversational tailoring”, we can more easily see the many different ways that CIs arise in conversation. I will show that they arise not only on the basis of a speaker’s utterance of complete sentences but also (...)
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  • Default semantics and the architecture of the mind.Alessandro Capone - 2011 - Journal of Pragmatics 43:1741–1754..
    Relationship between default semantics and modularity of mind (in particular mind reading through the principle of Relevance).
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  • Futher reflections on semantic minimalism: Reply to Wedgwood.Alessandro Capone - 2013 - In Alessandro Capone, Franco Lo Piparo & Marco Carapezza (eds.), Perspectives on Pragmatics and Philosophy. Cham: Springer. pp. 437-474..
    semantic minimalism and moderte contextualism.
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  • When some is actually all: Scalar inferences in face-threatening contexts.Jean-François Bonnefon, Aidan Feeney & Gaëlle Villejoubert - 2009 - Cognition 112 (2):249-258.
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  • Taking the epistemic step: Toward a model of on-line access to conversational implicatures.Richard Breheny, Heather J. Ferguson & Napoleon Katsos - 2013 - Cognition 126 (3):423-440.
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  • The effect of negative polarity items on inference verification.Anna Szabolcsi, Lewis Bott & Brian McElree - 2008 - Journal of Semantics 25 (4):411-450.
    The scalar approach to negative polarity item (NPI) licensing assumes that NPIs are allowable in contexts in which the introduction of the NPI leads to proposition strengthening (e.g., Kadmon & Landman 1993, Krifka 1995, Lahiri 1997, Chierchia 2006). A straightforward processing prediction from such a theory is that NPI’s facilitate inference verification from sets to subsets. Three experiments are reported that test this proposal. In each experiment, participants evaluated whether inferences from sets to subsets were valid. Crucially, we manipulated whether (...)
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  • Implicature.Wayne Davis - 2008 - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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  • Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 21.Rob Truswell, Chris Cummins, Caroline Heycock, Brian Rabern & Hannah Rohde (eds.) - 2018 - Semantics Archives.
    The present volume contains a collection of papers presented at the 21st annual meeting “Sinn und Bedeutung” of the Gesellschaft fur Semantik, which was held at the University of Edinburgh on September 4th–6th, 2016. The Sinn und Bedeutung conferences are one of the leading international venues for research in formal semantics.
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  • Coevolution of Lexical Meaning and Pragmatic Use.Thomas Brochhagen, Michael Franke & Robert van Rooij - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (8):2757-2789.
    According to standard linguistic theory, the meaning of an utterance is the product of conventional semantic meaning and general pragmatic rules on language use. We investigate how such a division of labor between semantics and pragmatics could evolve under general processes of selection and learning. We present a game‐theoretic model of the competition between types of language users, each endowed with certain lexical representations and a particular pragmatic disposition to act on them. Our model traces two evolutionary forces and their (...)
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  • Children’s derivation of scalar implicatures: Alternatives and relevance.Dimitrios Skordos & Anna Papafragou - 2016 - Cognition 153 (C):6-18.
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  • Scale structure: Processing minimum standard and maximum standard scalar adjectives.Lyn Frazier, Charles Clifton & Britta Stolterfoht - 2008 - Cognition 106 (1):299-324.
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  • Experimental Pragmatics: An Introduction for Philosophers.Mark Phelan - 2014 - Philosophy Compass 9 (1):66-79.
    In the past several decades, psychologists and linguists have begun experimentally investigating linguistic pragmatic phenomena. They share the assumption that the best way to study the use of language in context incorporates an experimental methodology, here understood to comprise controlled studies and careful field observations. This article surveys some key projects in experimental pragmatics and relates these projects to ongoing philosophical discussions.
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  • Context, Content, and the Occasional Costs of Implicature Computation.Raj Singh - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10:456058.
    The computation of scalar implicatures is sometimes costly relative to basic meanings. Among the costly computations are those that involve strengthening `some' to `not all' and strengthening inclusive disjunction to exclusive disjunction. The opposite is true for some other cases of strengthening, where the strengthened meaning is less costly than its corresponding basic meaning. These include conjunctive strengthenings of disjunctive sentences (e.g., free-choice inferences) and exactly-readings of numerals. Assuming that these are indeed all instances of strengthening via implicature/exhaustification, the puzzle (...)
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  • Cognitive processing of scalar implicatures with Chinese gradable adjectives.Si Liu & Yi Yang - 2017 - Pragmatics and Cognition 24 (3):373-403.
    In previous research comparing the Context-driven Model with the Default Model of meaning processing, the former was preferred. It predicts that contexts play an exclusively decisive role in meaning processing, whereas the latter holds that the inference of literal meaning generally goes through, unless it is subsequently defaulted or cancelled by the context it is associated with. The Standardization Model, which we added to our experiments, highlights that implicatures are figured out from standardized forms typically based on the mutual background (...)
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  • A Link Between Local Enrichment and Scalar Diversity.Chao Sun, Ye Tian & Richard Breheny - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  • Sins of omission are more likely to be forgiven in non-native speakers.Sarah Fairchild & Anna Papafragou - 2018 - Cognition 181 (C):80-92.
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  • Believing What You're Told: Politeness and Scalar Inferences.Diana Mazzarella, Emmanuel Trouche, Hugo Mercier & Ira Noveck - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  • Processing inferences at the semantics/pragmatics frontier: Disjunctions and free choice.Emmanuel Chemla & Lewis Bott - 2014 - Cognition 130 (3):380-396.
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  • Pragmatic tolerance: Implications for the acquisition of informativeness and implicature.Napoleon Katsos & Dorothy V. M. Bishop - 2011 - Cognition 120 (1):67-81.
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  • Context-Sensitivity and Individual Differences in the Derivation of Scalar Implicature.Xiao Yang, Utako Minai & Robert Fiorentino - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  • Optimal assertions, and what they implicate. A uniform game theoretic approach.Anton Benz & Robert Rooij - 2007 - Topoi 26 (1):63-78.
    To determine what the speaker in a cooperative dialog meant with his assertion, on top of what he explicitly said, it is crucial that we assume that the assertion he gave was optimal. In determining optimal assertions we assume that dialogs are embedded in decision problems (van Rooij 2003) and use backwards induction for calculating them (Benz 2006). In this paper, we show that in terms of our framework we can account for several types of implicatures in a uniform way, (...)
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  • Politeness and the communication of uncertainty.Thomas Holtgraves & Audrey Perdew - 2016 - Cognition 154 (C):1-10.
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  • The semantics/pragmatics interface from an experimental perspective: the case of scalar implicature.Napoleon Katsos - 2008 - Synthese 165 (3):385-401.
    In this paper I discuss some of the criteria that are widely used in the linguistic and philosophical literature to classify an aspect of meaning as either semantic or pragmatic. With regards to the case of scalar implicature (e.g. some Fs are G implying that not all Fs are G), these criteria are not ultimately conclusive, either in the results of their application, or in the interpretation of the results with regards to the semantics/pragmatics distinction (or in both). I propose (...)
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  • Against Chierchia's computational account of scalar implicatures.Owen Greenhall - 2008 - Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 108 (1pt3):373-384.
    Recent theories of scalar implicature, such as that proposed by Gennaro Chierchia, have sought to bring them within the domain of compositional semantic theory. These approaches contrast with standard pragmatic explanations of the phenomena in that implicatures are calculated by default and are computed locally. One motivation for Chierchia's approach, the purported connection between the computation of scalar implicatures and 'any'-licensing polarity items, is shown to be weak. Difficulties are then presented for his approach which are not shared by the (...)
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  • The Role of Executive Function and Theory of Mind in Pragmatic Computations.Sarah Fairchild & Anna Papafragou - 2021 - Cognitive Science 45 (2):e12938.
    In sentences such as “Some dogs are mammals,” the literal semantic meaning (“Some and possibly all dogs are mammals”) conflicts with the pragmatic meaning (“Not all dogs are mammals,” known as a scalar implicature). Prior work has shown that adults vary widely in the extent to which they adopt the semantic or pragmatic meaning of such utterances, yet the underlying reason for this variation is unknown. Drawing on theoretical models of scalar implicature derivation, we explore the hypothesis that the cognitive (...)
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  • ‘But’ Implicatures: A Study of the Effect of Working Memory and Argument Characteristics.Leen Janssens & Walter Schaeken - 2016 - Frontiers in Psychology 7.
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  • Linking Hypothesis and Number of Response Options Modulate Inferred Scalar Implicature Rate.Masoud Jasbi, Brandon Waldon & Judith Degen - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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  • Context in Generalized Conversational Implicatures: The Case of Some.Ludivine E. Dupuy, Jean-Baptiste Van der Henst, Anne Cheylus & Anne C. Reboul - 2016 - Frontiers in Psychology 7:156098.
    There is now general agreement about the optionality of scalar implicatures: the pragmatic interpretation will be accessed depending on the context relative to which the utterance is interpreted. The question, then, is what makes a context upper- (vs. lower-) bounding. Neo-Gricean accounts should predict that contexts including factual information will enhance the rate of pragmatic interpretations. Post-Gricean accounts should predict that contexts including psychological attributions will enhance the rate of pragmatic interpretations. We tested two factors using the quantifier scale all, (...)
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  • Reductionism about understanding why.Insa Lawler - 2016 - Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 116 (2):229-236.
    Paulina Sliwa (2015) argues that knowing why p is necessary and sufficient for understanding why p. She tries to rebut recent attacks against the necessity and sufficiency claims, and explains the gradability of understanding why in terms of knowledge. I argue that her attempts do not succeed, but I indicate more promising ways to defend reductionism about understanding why throughout the discussion.
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  • Optimal assertions, and what they implicate. A uniform game theoretic approach.Anton Benz & Robert van Rooij - 2007 - Topoi 26 (1):63-78.
    To determine what the speaker in a cooperative dialog meant with his assertion, on top of what he explicitly said, it is crucial that we assume that the assertion he gave was optimal. In determining optimal assertions we assume that dialogs are embedded in decision problems (van Rooij 2003) and use backwards induction for calculating them (Benz 2006). In this paper, we show that in terms of our framework we can account for several types of implicatures in a uniform way, (...)
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  • More than one path to pragmatics? Insights from children's grasp of implicit, figurative and ironical meaning.Nausicaa Pouscoulous - 2023 - Cognition 240 (C):105531.
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  • When some triggers a scalar inference out of the blue. An electrophysiological study of a Stroop-like conflict elicited by single words.Cécile Barbet & Guillaume Thierry - 2018 - Cognition 177 (C):58-68.
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  • Implicature during real time conversation: A view from language processing research.Julie C. Sedivy - 2007 - Philosophy Compass 2 (3):475–496.
    Grice's notion of conversational implicature requires that speaker meaning be calculable on the basis of sentence meaning, and presumptions about the speaker's adherence to cooperative principles of conversation and the ability of the hearer to work out the speaker's meaning. However, the actual real‐time consideration of cooperative principles by both the hearer and speaker runs up against severe temporal constraints during language processing. This article considers the role of language processing research in the shaping of a theory of implicature, and (...)
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  • Availability of Alternatives and the Processing of Scalar Implicatures: A Visual World Eye‐Tracking Study.Judith Degen & Michael K. Tanenhaus - 2016 - Cognitive Science 40 (1):172-201.
    Two visual world experiments investigated the processing of the implicature associated with some using a “gumball paradigm.” On each trial, participants saw an image of a gumball machine with an upper chamber with orange and blue gumballs and an empty lower chamber. Gumballs dropped to the lower chamber, creating a contrast between a partitioned set of gumballs of one color and an unpartitioned set of the other. Participants then evaluated spoken statements, such as “You got some of the blue gumballs.” (...)
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  • “Some,” and possibly all, scalar inferences are not delayed: Evidence for immediate pragmatic enrichment.Daniel J. Grodner, Natalie M. Klein, Kathleen M. Carbary & Michael K. Tanenhaus - 2010 - Cognition 116 (1):42-55.
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  • Encapsulation, inference and utterance interpretation.Nicholas Allott - forthcoming - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy.
    1. People standardly communicate by uttering phrases or sentences with certain intonation patterns, accompanied by facial expressions, eye contact and often a variety of gestures. If all goes well...
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  • Asymmetries Between Direct and Indirect Scalar Implicatures in Second Language Acquisition.Shuo Feng & Jacee Cho - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10:439785.
    A direct scalar implicature (DSI) arises when a sentence with a weaker term like sometimes implies the negation of the stronger alternative always (e.g., John sometimes (∼ not always) drinks coffee). A reverse implicature, often referred to as indirect scalar implicature (ISI), arises when the stronger term is under negation and implicates the weaker alternative (e.g., John doesn’t always (∼ sometimes) drink coffee). Recent research suggests that English-speaking adults and children behave differently in interpreting these two types of SI ( (...)
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  • Using Triggers Without Projecting Presuppositions.Chris Cummins - 2016 - Topoi 35 (1):123-131.
    Presuppositions are capable of projecting from under the scope of operators such as negation, but do not obligatorily do so. This creates a potential difficulty for the hearer of presupposition-bearing utterances, especially given the fact that speaker can use presupposition to convey entirely new information. In this paper, I discuss the potential role of context in resolving this tension, and in particular, I argue that the inferences that are drawn about the current discourse purpose may be materially relevant to the (...)
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  • Explicatures are NOT Cancellable.Alessandro Capone - 2013 - In Perspectives on Linguistic Pragmatics. Cham: Springer. pp. 131-151.
    Explicatures are not cancellable. Theoretical considerations.
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  • Slowdowns in scalar implicature processing: Isolating the intention-reading costs in the Bott & Noveck task.Camilo R. Ronderos & Ira Noveck - 2023 - Cognition 238 (C):105480.
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  • Some Pieces Are Missing: Implicature Production in Children.Sarah F. V. Eiteljoerge, Nausicaa Pouscoulous & Elena V. M. Lieven - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:398569.
    Until at least 4 years of age, children, unlike adults, interpret some as compatible with all. The inability to draw the pragmatic inference leading to interpret some as not all, could be taken to indicate a delay in pragmatic abilities, despite evidence of other early pragmatic skills. However, little is known about how the production of these implicature develops. We conducted a corpus study on early production and perception of the scalar term some in British English. Children's utterances containing some (...)
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  • Some but not all dispreferred turn markers help to interpret scalar terms in polite contexts.Jean-François Bonnefon, Ethan Dahl & Thomas M. Holtgraves - 2015 - Thinking and Reasoning 21 (2):230-249.
    In polite contexts, people find it difficult to perceive whether they can derive scalar inferences from what others say . Because this uncertainty can lead to costly misunderstandings, it is important to identify the cues people can rely on to solve their interpretative problem. In this article, we consider two such cues: Making a long Pause before the statement, and prefacing the statement with Well. Data from eight experiments show that Pauses are more effective than Wells as cues to scalar (...)
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  • The role of alternative salience in the derivation of scalar implicatures.Alice Rees & Lewis Bott - 2018 - Cognition 176 (C):1-14.
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  • Ethical and Legal Concerns Associated With the Comprehension of Legal Language and Concepts.Joseph Wszalek - 2017 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 8 (1):26-36.
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  • Scalar and Ignorance Inferences Are Both Computed Immediately upon Encountering the Sentential Connective: The Online Processing of Sentences with Disjunction Using the Visual World Paradigm.Likan Zhan - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:279035.
    Accounts based on the pragmatic maxim of quantity make different predictions about the computation of scalar versus ignorance inferences. These different predictions are evaluated in two eye-tracking experiments using a visual world paradigm to assess the on-line computation of inferences. The test sentences contained disjunction phrases, which engender both kinds of inferences. The first experiment documented that both inferences are computed immediately upon encountering the disjunctive connective, at nearly identical temporal locations. The second experiment was designed to determine whether or (...)
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  • The why and how of experimental pragmatics: The case of 'scalar inferences'.Dan Sperber - unknown
    Although a few pioneers in psycholinguistics had, for more than twenty years, approached various pragmatic issues experimentally, it is only in the past few years that investigators have begun employing the experimental method in testing pragmatic hypotheses. We see this emergence of a proper experimental pragmatics as an important advance with a great potential for further development. In this chapter we want to illustrate what can be done with experimental approaches to pragmatic issues by presenting one case, that of so-called (...)
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