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  1. A research school of chemistry in the nineteenth century: Jean Baptiste Dumas and his research students: Part I.Leo Klosterman - 1985 - Annals of Science 42 (1):1-40.
    Jean Baptiste Dumas, an outstanding research chemist and teacher, laid the foundations of the science of organic chemistry. While doing so, he gathered around him some thirty students who participated in his research programmes and for the most part worked in his laboratory, thus forming a laboratory-based research school of chemists. Several of these in their turn influenced the development of the science. In Part I the social and institutional aspects of the school were considered. The discussion in Part II (...)
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  • History of Science in a National Context.Maurice Crosland - 1977 - British Journal for the History of Science 10 (2):95-113.
    The history of science can be approached in several different ways. It may be studied, as in the classification once favoured in the long-established Department of History and Philosophy of Science at University College London, by considering separately the history of individual sciences: physics, chemistry, biology, etc.—Partington's monumental History of chemistry is a good example of the cross-section of history of science obtained by considering a single discipline. This approach is understandable when history of science is the work of retired (...)
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  • The Coming of Age of the Academic Career: Differentiation and Professionalization of German Academic Positions from the 19th Century to the Present.Cathelijn J. F. Waaijer - 2015 - Minerva 53 (1):43-67.
    In modern academic career systems there are a large number of entry positions, much smaller numbers of intermediate positions, and still fewer full professorships. We examine how this system has developed in Germany, the country where the modern academic system was introduced, tracing the historical development of academic positions since the early 19th century. We show both a differentiation and professionalization. At first, professorships and private lecturer positions were the only formal positions, but later, lower formal academic positions emerged. Over (...)
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  • Politics and vocation: French Science, 1793–1830.Dorinda Outram - 1980 - British Journal for the History of Science 13 (1):27-43.
    French science of the period between 1793 and 1830 is now a major focus of study. The large body of work produced since the nineteenth century, particularly in the field of institutional history, has provided the background for important attempts in the last ten or fifteen years to apply tools of sociological analysis to this field of enquiry. Particularly important have been theories of professionalization and institutionalization. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the consequences of the use (...)
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  • Career-Making in Post-Revolutionary France: the Case of Jean-Baptiste Biot.Eugene Frankel - 1978 - British Journal for the History of Science 11 (1):36-48.
    Science is an occupation as well as an intellectual endeavour. This fact is extremely well known, but its consequences have been little explored by historians of science. Sociologists such as Merton, Hagstrom, and Storer have argued that occupational rewards motivate a scientist to publish and thereby further the intellectual ends of the scientific community. Yet, as I have shown in a recent paper, such rewards can also lead to work which is hasty, superficial, and blindly uncritical of the dominant paradigm. (...)
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  • The Geohistorical Revolution.Steven French - 2007 - Metascience 16 (3):359-395.
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  • Joseph Dalton Hooker's Ideals for a Professional Man of Science.Richard Bellon - 2001 - Journal of the History of Biology 34 (1):51 - 82.
    During the 1840s and the 1850s botanist Joseph Hooker developed distinct notions about the proper characteristics of a professional man of science. While he never articulated these ideas publicly as a coherent agenda, he did share his opinions openly in letters to family and colleagues; this private communication gives essential insight into his and his X-Club colleagues' public activities. The core aspiration of Hooker's professionalization was to consolidate men of science into a dutiful and centralized community dedicated to national well-being. (...)
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