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  1. The Mutability of Biotechnology Patents: From Unwieldy Products of Nature to Independent 'Object/s'.Michael S. Carolan - 2010 - Theory, Culture and Society 27 (1):110-129.
    This article details how patent law works to create discrete, immutable biological ‘objects’. This socio-legal maneuver is necessary to distinguish these artifacts from the unwieldy realm of the natural world. The creation of ‘objects’ also serves the interests of capital, where a stable, unchanging, immutable object goes hand in hand with commodification. Yet this stabilization is incomplete. Pointing to a variety of different examples, this article illustrates how biotech patents do not speak to specific, immutable things. Biotech patents, rather, are (...)
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  • The two meanings of how and the Gene patenting debate.John H. Evans - 2002 - American Journal of Bioethics 2 (3):26 – 28.
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  • Intellectual property and products of nature.Mark Sagoff - 2002 - American Journal of Bioethics 2 (3):12 – 13.
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  • Patenting DNA: Who defines and protects the public good?Sandra Anderson Garcia - 2002 - American Journal of Bioethics 2 (3):25 – 26.
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  • The evolution of Gene patenting.Peter J. Whitehouse - 2002 - American Journal of Bioethics 2 (3):23 – 24.
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  • Patenting genes? A finger in the dike of a bricks-and-mortar patent system.Gladys B. White - 2002 - American Journal of Bioethics 2 (3):20.
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  • Let's get physical.Warren D. Woessner - 2002 - American Journal of Bioethics 2 (3):21 – 22.
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  • Waiting on science: The stake of present and future patients.Rosemary B. Quigley - 2002 - American Journal of Bioethics 2 (3):17 – 18.
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  • Patenting genes and the public interest.Dorothy Nelkin - 2002 - American Journal of Bioethics 2 (3):13 – 15.
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  • Exclusion by inclusion? On difficulties with regard to an effective ethical assessment of patenting in the field of agricultural bio-technology.Christoph Baumgartner - 2006 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 19 (6):521-539.
    In order to take ethical considerations of patenting biological material into account, the so-called “ordre public or morality clause” was implemented as Article 6 in the EC directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, 98/44/EC. At first glance, this seems to provide a significant advantage to the European patent system with respect to ethics. The thesis of this paper argues that the ordre public or morality clause does not provide sufficient protection against ethically problematic uses of the patent system (...)
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  • Intellectual property and biotechnology: theoretical arguments and empirical evidence.Clarissa Allen - unknown
    DNA patents have been being granted since the 1970s. Patents are meant to act as incentives, encouraging innovation and dissemination in biotechnology by granting inventors exclusive economic control of their inventions for a set period of time. Governments in North America and Europe have therefore been using patents as a public policy tool to encourage the invention of health-related biotechnologies since the 1980s and 1990s, respectively. However despite this laudable policy goal, there have also in recent decades been a number (...)
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  • Sequence patents are not the issue.John A. Robertson - 2002 - American Journal of Bioethics 2 (3):22 – 23.
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  • No patents for semantic information.Jack Wilson - 2002 - American Journal of Bioethics 2 (3):15 – 16.
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  • Locating Gene patents within the patent system.Arti K. Rai - 2002 - American Journal of Bioethics 2 (3):18 – 19.
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  • Ethical reasons for narrowing the scope of biotech patents.Tom Andreassen - 2015 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 18 (4):463-473.
    Patents on biotech products have a scope that goes well beyond what is covered by the most widely applied ethical justifications of intellectual property. Neither natural rights theory from Locke, nor public interest theory of IP rights justifies the wide scope of legal protection. The article takes human genes as an example, focusing on the component that is not invented but persists as unaltered gene information even in the synthetically produced complementary DNA, the cDNA. It is argued that patent on (...)
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