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  1. Are libraries intelligent?Michael T. Ghiselin - 1990 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (1):78-78.
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  • Species intelligence: Hazards of structural parallels.Robert W. Hendersen - 1990 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (1):78-79.
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  • Are there culturgens?Alexander Rosenberg - 1982 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5 (1):22-24.
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  • Species are individuals: Therefore human nature is a metaphysical delusion.Michael T. Ghiselin - 1987 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10 (1):77-78.
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  • Denoting and demoting international systems.George Graham - 1983 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6 (3):363-364.
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  • Is evolution of behavior operant conditioning writ large?Anatol Rapoport - 1984 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (4):696-696.
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  • Selection by consequences.B. F. Skinner - 1984 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (4):477-481.
    Human behavior is the joint product of (i) contingencies of survival responsible for natural selection, and (ii) contingencies of reinforcement responsible for the repertoires of individuals, including (iii) the special contingencies maintained by an evolved social environment. Selection by consequences is a causal mode found only in living things, or in machines made by living things. It was first recognized in natural selection: Reproduction, a first consequence, led to the evolution of cells, organs, and organisms reproducing themselves under increasingly diverse (...)
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  • Scientific enquiry and natural kinds: from planets to mallards.P. D. Magnus - 2012 - New York, NY: Palgrave-Macmillan.
    Some scientific categories seem to correspond to genuine features of the world and are indispensable for successful science in some domain; in short, they are natural kinds. This book gives a general account of what it is to be a natural kind and puts the account to work illuminating numerous specific examples.
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  • Initial Conditions as Exogenous Factors in Spatial Explanation.Clint Ballinger - 2008 - Dissertation, University of Cambridge
    This dissertation shows how initial conditions play a special role in the explanation of contingent and irregular outcomes, including, in the form of geographic context, the special case of uneven development in the social sciences. The dissertation develops a general theory of this role, recognizes its empirical limitations in the social sciences, and considers how it might be applied to the question of uneven development. The primary purpose of the dissertation is to identify and correct theoretical problems in the study (...)
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  • Species concepts and the ontology of evolution.Joel Cracraft - 1987 - Biology and Philosophy 2 (3):329-346.
    Biologists and philosophers have long recognized the importance of species, yet species concepts serve two masters, evolutionary theory on the one hand and taxonomy on the other. Much of present-day evolutionary and systematic biology has confounded these two roles primarily through use of the biological species concept. Theories require entities that are real, discrete, irreducible, and comparable. Within the neo-Darwinian synthesis, however, biological species have been treated as real or subjectively delimited entities, discrete or nondiscrete, and they are often capable (...)
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  • (1 other version)Systematics and the Darwinian revolution.Kevin de Queiroz - 1988 - Philosophy of Science 55 (2):238-259.
    Taxonomies of living things and the methods used to produce them changed little with the institutionalization of evolutionary thinking in biology. Instead, the relationships expressed in existing taxonomies were merely reinterpreted as the result of evolution, and evolutionary concepts were developed to justify existing methods. I argue that the delay of the Darwinian Revolution in biological taxonomy has resulted partly from a failure to distinguish between two fundamentally different ways of ordering identified by Griffiths : classification and systematization. Classification consists (...)
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  • Entities on a Temporal Scale.Christopher M. Murray & Brian I. Crother - 2016 - Acta Biotheoretica 64 (1):1-10.
    Ontological understanding of biological units (i.e. what kinds of things are they) is crucial to their use in experimental design, analysis, and interpretation. Conceptualizing fundamental units in biology as individuals or classes is important for subsequent development of discovery operations. While the criteria for diagnosing individuals are acknowledged, temporal boundedness is often misinterpreted and temporal minima are applied to units in question. This results in misdiagnosis or abandonment of ontological interpretation altogether. Biological units such as areas of endemism in biogeography (...)
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  • (1 other version)Are species intelligent?: Not a yes or no question.Jonathan Schull - 1990 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (1):63-75.
    Plant and animal species are information-processing entities of such complexity, integration, and adaptive competence that it may be scientifically fruitful to consider them intelligent. The possibility arises from the analogy between learning and evolution, and from recent developments in evolutionary science, psychology and cognitive science. Species are now described as spatiotemporally localized individuals in an expanded hierarchy of biological entities. Intentional and cognitive abilities are now ascribed to animal, human, and artificial intelligence systems that process information adaptively, and that manifest (...)
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  • On mechanisms of cultural evolution, and the evolution of language and the common law.Michael T. Ghiselin - 1982 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5 (1):11-11.
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  • Top-down guidance from a bottom-up theory.Geoffrey R. Loftus - 1982 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5 (1):17-18.
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  • Genes and culture, protest and communication.Charles J. Lumsden & Edward O. Wilson - 1982 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5 (1):31-37.
    Despite its importance, the linkage between genetic and cultural evolution has until now been little explored. An understanding of this linkage is needed to extend evolutionary theory so that it can deal for the first time with the phenomena of mind and human social history. We characterize the process of gene-culture coevolution, in which culture is shaped by biological imperatives while biological traits are simultaneously altered by genetic evolution in response to cultural history. A case is made from both theory (...)
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  • Précis of Genes, Mind, and Culture.Charles J. Lumsden & Edward O. Wilson - 1982 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5 (1):1-7.
    Despite its importance, the linkage between genetic and cultural evolution has until now been little explored. An understanding of this linkage is needed to extend evolutionary theory so that it can deal for the first time with the phenomena of mind and human social history. We characterize the process of gene-culture coevolution, in which culture is shaped by biological imperatives while biological traits are simultaneously altered by genetic evolution in response to cultural history. A case is made from both theory (...)
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  • Optimist/pessimist.Elliott Sober - 1987 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10 (1):87-88.
    The reception so far of Kitcher's Vaulting Ambition reminds me of the old saw about the difference between an optimist and a pessimist. Looking at the same glass of water, the former sees it as half full while the latter sees it as half empty. Some have seen Kitcher's book as a vindication of the possibility of an evolutionary science of human behavior; others have seen it as a devastating critique of the most influential efforts to date to construct such (...)
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  • Putting sociobiology in its place.Andrew Futterman & Garland E. Allen - 1987 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10 (1):76-77.
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  • Elementary errors about evolution.Richard C. Lewontin - 1983 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6 (3):367-368.
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  • Lloyd Morgan's canon in evolutionary context.Michael T. Ghiselin - 1983 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6 (3):362-363.
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  • Thinking about animal thoughts.Donald R. Griffin - 1983 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6 (3):364-364.
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  • Skinner's blind eye.H. J. Eysenck - 1984 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (4):686-687.
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  • Ethology ignored Skinner to its detriment.Jack P. Hailman - 1984 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (4):689-690.
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  • The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior.B. F. Skinner - 1984 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (4):669-677.
    Responses are strengthened by consequences having to do with the survival of individuals and species. With respect to the provenance of behavior, we know more about ontogenic than phylogenic contingencies. The contingencies responsible for unlearned behavior acted long ago. This remoteness affects our scientific methods, both experimental and conceptual. Until we have identified he variables responsible for an event, we tend to invent causes. Explanatory entities such as “instincts,” “drives,” and “traits” still survive. Unable to show how organisms can behave (...)
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  • Some consequences of selection.B. F. Skinner - 1984 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (4):502-510.
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  • A common structure for concepts of individuals, stuffs, and real kinds: More Mama, more milk, and more mouse.Ruth Garrett Millikan - 1997 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21 (1):55-65.
    Concepts are highly theoretical entities. One cannot study them empirically without committing oneself to substantial preliminary assumptions. Among the competing theories of concepts and categorization developed by psychologists in the last thirty years, the implicit theoretical assumption that what falls under a concept is determined by description () has never been seriously challenged. I present a nondescriptionist theory of our most basic concepts, which include (1) stuffs (gold, milk), (2) real kinds (cat, chair), and (3) individuals (Mama, Bill Clinton, the (...)
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  • Phylogenetic definitions and taxonomic philosophy.Kevin de Queiroz - 1992 - Biology and Philosophy 7 (3):295-313.
    An examination of the post-Darwinian history of biological taxonomy reveals an implicit assumption that the definitions of taxon names consist of lists of organismal traits. That assumption represents a failure to grant the concept of evolution a central role in taxonomy, and it causes conflicts between traditional methods of defining taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names (de Queiroz and Gauthier 1990) grant the concept of common ancestry a central role in the definitions of taxon (...)
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  • Systems of ordering data.Ernst Mayr - 1995 - Biology and Philosophy 10 (4):419-434.
    Four ordering systems have been used most frequently in taxonomy: (1) special purpose classifications, (2) downward classifications (identification schemes), (3) upward or grouping classifications (traditional), and (4) Hennigian phylogenetic systems. The special properties of these four systems are critically evaluated. Grouping classifications and phylogenetic systems have very different objectives: the former the documentation of similarity and closeness of relationship, the latter of phylogeny. Both are legitimate ordering systems.
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  • (1 other version)Are species intelligent?: Not a yes or no question.Jonathan Schull - 1990 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (1):94-108.
    Plant and animal species are information-processing entities of such complexity, integration, and adaptive competence that it may be scientifically fruitful to consider them intelligent. The possibility arises from the analogy between learning and evolution, and from recent developments in evolutionary science, psychology and cognitive science. Species are now described as spatiotemporally localized individuals in an expanded hierarchy of biological entities. Intentional and cognitive abilities are now ascribed to animal, human, and artificial intelligence systems that process information adaptively, and that manifest (...)
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  • The Native Mind: Biological Categorization and Reasoning in Development and Across Cultures.Douglas L. Medin & Scott Atran - 2004 - Psychological Review 111 (4):960-983.
    . This paper describes a cross-cultural and developmental research project on naïve or folk biology, that is, the study of how people conceptualize nature. The combination of domain specificity and cross-cultural comparison brings a new perspective to theories of categorization and reasoning and undermines the tendency to focus on “standard populations.” From the standpoint of mainstream cognitive psychology, we find that results gathered from standard populations in industrialized societies often fail to generalize to humanity at large. For example, similarity-driven typicality (...)
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  • (1 other version)Biological Species: Natural Kinds, Individuals, or What?Ruse Michael - 1987 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 38 (2):225-242.
    What are biological species? Aristotelians and Lockeans agree that they are natural kinds; but, evolutionary theory shows that neither traditional philosophical approach is truly adequate. Recently, Michael Ghiselin and David Hull have argued that species are individuals. This claim is shown to be against the spirit of much modern biology. It is concluded that species are natural kinds of a sort, and that any 'objectivity' they possess comes from their being at the focus of a consilience of inductions.
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  • The ontology of “intelligent species”.Philip Clayton - 1990 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (1):75-76.
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  • Neo-Lamarckism, or, The rediscovery of culture.Gary W. Strong - 1990 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (1):92-93.
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  • From genes to mind to culture: Biting the bullet at last.David P. Barash - 1982 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5 (1):7-8.
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  • Enough of polemics – let's look at data!W. C. McGrew - 1987 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10 (1):79-79.
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  • Bridging the sociobiological gap.Nils C. Stenseth - 1987 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10 (1):88-89.
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  • Précis of Vaulting Ambition: Sociobiology and the Quest for Human Nature.Philip Kitcher - 1987 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10 (1):61-71.
    The debate about the credentials of sociobiology has persisted because scholars have failed to distinguish the varieties of sociobiology and because too little attention has been paid to the details of the arguments that are supposed to support the provocative claims about human social behavior. I seek to remedy both deficiencies. After analysis of the relationships among different kinds of sociobiology and contemporary evolutionary theory, I attempt to show how some of the studies of the behavior of nonhuman animals meet (...)
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  • Steps toward an ethological science.Mark S. Seidenberg - 1983 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6 (3):377-377.
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  • The International stance faces backward.Howard Rachlin - 1983 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6 (3):373-373.
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  • Adaptationism was always predictive and needed no defense.Richard Dawkins - 1983 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6 (3):360-361.
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  • The use of evolutionary analogies and the rejection of state variables by B. F. Skinner.Alejandro Kacelnik & Alasdair Houston - 1984 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (4):691-692.
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  • Reinforcement is the problem, not the solution: Variation and selection of behavior.J. E. R. Staddon - 1984 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (4):697-699.
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  • Each behavior is a product of heredity and experience.Douglas Wahlsten - 1984 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (4):699-700.
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  • Selection misconstrued.Stephen C. Stearns - 1984 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (4):499-499.
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  • A new experimental analysis of behavior – one for all behavior.D. Caroline Blanchard, Robert J. Blanchard & Kevin J. Flannelly - 1984 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7 (4):681-682.
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  • Kinds of kinds: Individuality and biological species.Ronald de Sousa - 1989 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 3 (2):119 – 135.
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  • Taxonomy and philosophy of names.Mikael Härlin & Per Sundberg - 1998 - Biology and Philosophy 13 (2):233-244.
    Although naming biological clades is a major activity in taxonomy, little attention has been paid to what these names actually refer to. In philosophy, definite descriptions have long been considered equivalent to the meaning of names and biological taxonomy is a scientific application of these ideas. One problem with definite descriptions as the meanings of names is that the name will refer to whatever fits the description rather than the intended individual (clade). Recent proposals for explicit phylogenetic definitions of clade (...)
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  • The individuality thesis, essences, and laws of nature.Michael T. Ghiselin - 1988 - Biology and Philosophy 3 (4):467-474.
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  • Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The 'panglossian paradigm' defended.Daniel C. Dennett - 1983 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6 (3):343-90.
    Ethologists and others studying animal behavior in a spirit are in need of a descriptive language and method that are neither anachronistically bound by behaviorist scruples nor prematurely committed to particular Just such an interim descriptive method can be found in intentional system theory. The use of intentional system theory is illustrated with the case of the apparently communicative behavior of vervet monkeys. A way of using the theory to generate data - including usable, testable data - is sketched. The (...)
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