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  1. Understanding Shareholder Activism: Which Corporations are Targeted?Kathleen Rehbein, Sandra Waddock & Samuel B. Graves - 2004 - Business and Society 43 (3):239-267.
    This study provides preliminary empirical evidence that shareholder activists target companies because of their size as well as specific stakeholder-related practices. The data show that shareholder activists target companies with shareholder resolutions demanding changes in corporate behaviors for companies producing problematic products and where environmental concerns exist. Furthermore, companies in specific industries are targeted based on poor employee and community-related practices. Activists, that is, are selective in their targeting of companies, choosing the most visible (largest) companies and those whose practices (...)
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  • Inducing Corporate Social Responsibility: Should Investors Reward the Responsible or Punish the Irresponsible?Tyson B. Mackey, Alison Mackey, Lisa Jones Christensen & Jason J. Lepore - 2020 - Journal of Business Ethics 175 (1):59-73.
    Investors with a pro-social or sustainability agenda increasingly attempt to influence firm managers to adopt socially responsible behavior, either through positive/reward tactics or negative/punishment tactics. This paper considers how investors can use each approach to differentially influence managers to make more CSR investments. The paper uses game theory with an all-pay contest structure to model how a large institutional investor could reward firms for CSR activities by creating a socially responsible investment fund (reward contest) or punish firms via shareholder activism (...)
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  • Bringing About Changes to Corporate Social Policy through Shareholder Activism: Filers, Issues, Targets, and Success.Miguel Rojas, Bouchra M'zali, Marie-France Turcotte & Philip Merrigan - 2009 - Business and Society Review 114 (2):217-252.
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  • Environmental Disclosure: Evidence From Newsweek’s Green Companies Rankings. [REVIEW]Jay P. Shimshack & Thomas P. Lyon - 2015 - Business and Society 54 (5):632-675.
    Corporate-level environmental information disclosure is increasingly common. This article studies the impact of a prominent media-generated sustainability ratings program, Newsweek’s 2009 ranking of the 500 largest U.S. firms. Using an event study methodology, the authors find the rankings had a significant impact on shareholder value. Firms in the top 100 experienced abnormal returns after the information release that were 0.6%–1.0% higher than returns of firms in the bottom 400. The form of the information released had significant effects as well. Nuanced (...)
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  • A Conceptual Framework for Online Business Protest Tactics and Criteria for Their Effectiveness.Kelly D. Martin & Beverly Kracher - 2008 - Business and Society 47 (3):291-311.
    In this article, the authors lay the foundation for the emerging area of research on online protest tactics mobilized against business. The authors offer a definition of online business protest tactics and distinguish them from related activities such as electronic civil disobedience and cybercrime. They also appeal to the interest-group literature as one theoretical foundation for this area of research. Based on the degree to which each tactic involves intrusion, disruption, or damage, the authors categorize the array of online business (...)
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  • Justice and financial market allocation of the social costs of business.Sandra L. Christensen & Brian Grinder - 2001 - Journal of Business Ethics 29 (1-2):105-112.
    Regulation is often applied to business behavior to ensure that the social costs of doing business are included in the cost and pricing structures of the firm. Because the consumer benefits from the transaction that generated the social costs, asking the consumer to bear the burden imposed by the transaction is fair. However, there may be a lack of Justice m the internal and external distribution of the social costs of doing business if consumers are the only party bearing that (...)
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  • The over-reliance on self-regulation in CSR policy.Gary Lynch-Wood, David Williamson & Wyn Jenkins - 2008 - Business Ethics: A European Review 18 (1):52-65.
    The view that CSR performance can be improved most effectively through external pressures is shown to be invalid for most firms. In exploring why this is the case, the authors demonstrate that most small and medium enterprises are not exposed to the same pressures as large firms, and that this undermines many of the assumptions that underpin the externally driven business case (EDBC) for voluntary CSR practices. The analysis does this by looking at the external drivers of one of the (...)
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  • Market reaction to fossil fuel divestment announcements: Evidence from the United States.Solomon George Zori, Michael H. C. Bakker, Francis Xavier D. Tuokuu & Jeremy Pare - 2022 - Business and Society Review 127 (4):939-960.
    Fossil fuel divestment movements have gained momentum since 2011, aimed at ending fossil fuel use and a move toward a cleaner, affordable, and sustainable energy system, for business and society. The present study investigates the direct impact of fossil fuel divestment announcements on stock prices of firms listed on the United States' stock exchanges. Using an event study and guided by the United Nation's sustainable development goals (SDGs), we test the effects of 116 divestments announcements between 2014 and 2019 on (...)
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  • Signaling Positive Corporate Social Performance.Ray Jones & Audrey J. Murrell - 2001 - Business and Society 40 (1):59-78.
    A firm’s social performance can shape the impressions of key stakeholders, such as employees, customers, suppliers, and investors, that influence subsequent decision making and relationships to the firm. To test this notion, we examine how a firm’s public recognition for exemplary social performance can serve as a positive signal of the firm’s business performance to shareholders. We conduct an event study of firms named to Working Mothermagazine’s list of “Most Family- Friendly Companies” for the first time between 1989 and 1994. (...)
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  • Who Boycotts Whom? Marginalization, Company Knowledge, and Strategic Issues.Naomi A. Gardberg & William Newburry - 2013 - Business and Society 52 (2):318-357.
    The authors apply marginalization theory to develop a model of boycotts that incorporates both individual motives and corporate strategic issues. Overall, their analysis of more than 25,000 individual evaluations of 59 companies suggests that members of marginalized groups are more likely to boycott. Individuals are less likely to boycott companies about which they are knowledgeable and more likely to boycott companies that are organized boycott targets. In addition, the authors find systematic differences in the types of boycotts associated with strategic (...)
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  • Carrotmob: A Win–Win–Win Approach to Creating Benefits for Consumers, Business, and Society at Large.Robert Mai, Stefan Hoffmann & Katharina Hutter - 2016 - Business and Society 55 (7):1059-1077.
    The call for business practices that create benefits for companies, customers, and society is getting louder. This article analyzes a new implementation of such a win–win–win approach: the carrotmob. Activists and managers jointly organize a shopping flashmob in which consumers collectively purchase the products of a target company to reward its intent to act more socially responsible. Given that carrotmobs are only efficient if they are supported by a critical mass of consumers, a survey study of 337 young consumers explores (...)
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