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  1. From Modernizing the Chinese Language to Information Science: Chao Yuen Ren’s Route to Cybernetics.Chen-Pang Yeang - 2017 - Isis 108 (3):553-580.
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  • The Cold War Context of the Golden Jubilee, Or, Why We Think of Mendel as the Father of Genetics.Audra J. Wolfe - 2012 - Journal of the History of Biology 45 (3):389 - 414.
    In September 1950, the Genetics Society of America (GSA) dedicated its annual meeting to a "Golden Jubilee of Genetics" that celebrated the 50th anniversary of the rediscovery of Mendel's work. This program, originally intended as a small ceremony attached to the coattails of the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) meeting, turned into a publicity juggernaut that generated coverage on Mendel and the accomplishments of Western genetics in countless newspapers and radio broadcasts. The Golden Jubilee merits historical attention as both (...)
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  • The International History of the Strategic Defense Initiative: American Influence and Economic Competition in the Late Cold War.Peter J. Westwick - 2010 - Centaurus 52 (4):338-351.
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  • Cécile Morette and the Les Houches summer school for theoretical physics; or, how Girl Scouts, the 1944 Caen bombing and a marriage proposal helped rebuild French physics (1951–1972). [REVIEW]Pierre Verschueren - 2019 - British Journal for the History of Science 52 (4):595-616.
    The aftermath of the Second World War represented a major turning point in the history of French and European physical sciences. The physicist's profession was profoundly restructured, and in this transition the role of internationalism changed tremendously. Transnational circulation became a major part of research training. This article examines the conditions of possibility for this transformation, by focusing on the case of the summer school for theoretical physics created in 1951 by the young Cécile Morette (1922–2017), just in front of (...)
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  • Sword, Shield and Buoys: A History of the NATO Sub-Committee on Oceanographic Research, 1959-19731.Simone Turchetti - 2012 - Centaurus 54 (3):205-231.
    In the late 1950s the North-Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) made a major effort to fund collaborative research between its member states. One of the first initiatives following the establishment of the alliance's Science Committee was the creation of a sub-group devoted to marine science: the Sub-committee on Oceanographic Research.This paper explores the history of this organization, charts its trajectory over the 13 years of its existence, and considers its activities in light of NATO's naval defence strategies. In particular it shows (...)
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  • Introduction: have we ever been ‘transnational’? Towards a history of science across and beyond borders.Simone Turchetti, Néstor Herran & Soraya Boudia - 2012 - British Journal for the History of Science 45 (3):319-336.
    In recent years, historians have debated the prospect of offering new ‘transnational’ or ‘global’ perspectives in their studies. This paper introduces the reader to this special issue by analysing characteristics, merits and flaws of these approaches. It then considers how historians of science have practised transnational history without, however, paying sufficient attention to the theoretical foundations of this approach. Its final part illustrates what benefits may derive from the application of transnational history in the field. In particular, we suggest looking (...)
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  • Circumpolar Science: Scandinavian Approaches to the Arctic and the North Atlantic, ca. 1920 to 1960.Sverker Sörlin - 2014 - Science in Context 27 (2):275-305.
    ArgumentThe Scandinavian countries share a solid reputation as longstanding contributors to top level Arctic research. This received view, however, veils some deep-seated contrasts in the ways that Sweden, Norway, and Denmark have conducted research in the Arctic and the North Atlantic. In this paper it is argued that instead of focusing on the geographical determinism of science – the fact that the Arctic is close to, indeed part of, Scandinavian territories – we should look more closely at the geopolitics of (...)
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  • Senator Fred Harris's National Social Science Foundation Proposal: Reconsidering Federal Science Policy, Natural Science–Social Science Relations, and American Liberalism during the 1960s.Mark Solovey - 2012 - Isis 103 (1):54-82.
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  • Senator Fred Harris's National Social Science Foundation Proposal: Reconsidering Federal Science Policy, Natural Science–Social Science Relations, and American Liberalism during the 1960s.Mark Solovey - 2012 - Isis 103 (1):54-82.
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  • Peace Propaganda and Biomedical Experimentation: Influential Uses of Radioisotopes in Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics in Spain (1947-1971). [REVIEW]María Jesús Santesmases - 2006 - Journal of the History of Biology 39 (4):765 - 794.
    A political discourse of peace marked the distribution and use of radioisotopes in biomedical research and in medical diagnosis and therapy in the post-World War II period. This occurred during the era of expansion and strengthening of the United States' influence on the promotion of sciences and technologies in Europe as a collaborative effort, initially encouraged by the policies and budgetary distribution of the Marshall Plan. This article follows the importation of radioisotopes by two Spanish research groups, one in experimental (...)
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  • Peace Propaganda and Biomedical Experimentation: Influential Uses of Radioisotopes in Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics in Spain.María Jesús Santesmases - 2006 - Journal of the History of Biology 39 (4):765-794.
    A political discourse of peace marked the distribution and use of radioisotopes in biomedical research and in medical diagnosis and therapy in the post-World War II period. This occurred during the era of expansion and strengthening of the United States' influence on the promotion of sciences and technologies in Europe as a collaborative effort, initially encouraged by the policies and budgetary distribution of the Marshall Plan. This article follows the importation of radioisotopes by two Spanish research groups, one in experimental (...)
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  • Intelligence and Internationalism: The Cold War Career of Anton Bruun.Peder Roberts - 2013 - Centaurus 55 (3):243-263.
    The Danish marine biologist Anton Frederik Bruun (1901–1961) is chiefly remembered as an explorer of the deep-sea fauna and a key figure in international scientific organizations during the 1950s. As the Cold War increasingly permeated the marine sciences and it became too expensive for small states to operate deep-sea research vessels, he became an asset to the USA's oceanographic establishment as it sought to first assess Soviet strength (in terms of research, technology and logistical capacity) and then to build up (...)
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  • Science, Technology and Free Enterprise.Naomi Oreskes - 2010 - Centaurus 52 (4):297-310.
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  • From Papers to Newspapers: Miguel Masriera (1901–1981) and the Role of Science Popularization under the Franco Regime.Agustí Nieto-Galan - 2013 - Science in Context 26 (3):527-549.
    ArgumentThis paper analyzes the political dimension of Miguel Masriera's (1901–1981) science popularization program. In the 1920s, Masriera worked at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich – with Hermann Staudinger, the luminary of polymer chemistry – to later become a lecturer of theoretical and physical chemistry at the University of Barcelona. After living in exile in Paris, at the end of the Civil War he returned to Spain but never recovered his position. Instead, Masriera became an active popular (...)
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  • Antonio Gramsci Revisited: Historians of Science, Intellectuals, and the Struggle for Hegemony.Agustí Nieto-Galan - 2011 - History of Science 49 (4):453-478.
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  • Introduction.Cyrus C. M. Mody - 2009 - Perspectives on Science 17 (2):pp. 111-122.
    In October of 2002, Rick Smalley, Nobel laureate chemist at Rice University, was pondering what to say to a Congressional Hispanic Science and Literacy Forum hearing in Harlingen, Texas. Smalley used the opportunity to craft an all-encompassing justification for science's importance in the modern world-a justification so persuasive and broad it could be presented to any audience on any occasion. Indeed, variants of his talk have since been given some 200 times, from Dallas to Dubai.
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  • An anthropological approach to French nuclear power: Gabrielle Hecht: The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War II. New edition with a foreword by Michel Callon and new afterword by the author. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009 [1998]. 486 pp, US $25.00, £18.95 PB.Grégoire Mallard - 2010 - Metascience 19 (3):469-474.
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  • Producing Standards, Producing the Nordic Region: Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing, from 1950–1970.Anne Kveim Lie - 2014 - Science in Context 27 (2):215-248.
    ArgumentDuring the 1950s it became apparent that antibiotics could not conquer all microbes, and a series of tests were developed to assess the susceptibility of microbes to antibiotics. This article explores the development and standardization of one such testing procedure which became dominant in the Nordic region, and how the project eventually failed in the late 1970s. The standardization procedures amounted to a comprehensive scheme, standardizing not only the materials used, but also the methods and the interpretation of the results. (...)
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  • What Management Does to Space Projects: The Franco-Soviet Project ARCAD 3 in the Late 1970s.Jérôme Lamy - 2011 - Science in Context 24 (4):545-586.
    ArgumentSpace projects represent, after World War II, the archetype of large-scale organization of scientific practices that are flexible, temporary, and oriented towards specific goals. A new form of activity, the project, emerged through the management of technical means, allocation of skills, and coordination of various players. Project management emerged as the synthesis of a set of social practices designed to subordinate as well as synchronize the initiatives of researchers, engineers, and technicians who had temporarily joined forces. This article presents the (...)
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  • Hybrid knowledge: the transnational co-production of the gas centrifuge for uranium enrichment in the 1960s.John Krige - 2012 - British Journal for the History of Science 45 (3):337-357.
    The ‘how’ and the ‘why’ of knowledge circulation is explored in a study of the encounter between American and British nuclear scientists and engineers who together developed a gas centrifuge to enrich uranium in the 1960s. A fine-grained analysis of the transnational encounter reveals that the ‘how’ engages a wide variety of sometimes mundane modes of exchange in a series of face-to-face interactions over several years. The ‘why’ is driven by the reciprocal wish to improve the performance of the centrifuge, (...)
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  • Building the Arsenal of Knowledge1.John Krige - 2010 - Centaurus 52 (4):280-296.
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  • The Value of ‘Traditionality’: The Epistemological and Ethical Significance of Non-western Alternatives in Science.Mahdi Kafaee & Mostafa Taqavi - 2021 - Science and Engineering Ethics 27 (1):1-20.
    After a brief review of the relationship between science and value, this paper introduces the value of ‘traditionality’ as a value in the pure and applied sciences. Along with other recognized values, this value can also contribute to formulating hypotheses and determining theories. There are three reasons for legitimizing the internal role of this value in science: first, this value can contribute to scientific progress by presenting more diverse hypotheses; second, the value of external consistency in science entails this value; (...)
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  • Introduction: British nuclear culture.Jonathan Hogg & Christoph Laucht - 2012 - British Journal for the History of Science 45 (4):479-493.
    In the extended introduction to this special issue on British nuclear culture, the guest editors outline the main historiographical and conceptual contours of British nuclear scholarship, and explore whether we can begin to define ‘British nuclear culture’ before introducing the contributors to this special issue, whose work we have organized into three broad areas. The first part is devoted to three articles that offer explicit and extended attempts to reconceptualize British nuclear culture, illuminating the complex links between nuclear science, the (...)
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  • Out of a Clear Blue Sky? FOM, The Bomb, and The Boost in Dutch Physics Funding after World War II.Friso Hoeneveld & Jeroen van Dongen - 2013 - Centaurus 55 (3):264-293.
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  • 1970s: Turn of an Era in the History of Science?1.Matthias Heymann - 2017 - Centaurus 59 (1-2):1-9.
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  • Introduction: Perspectives on Cold War Science in Small European States.Matthias Heymann & Janet Martin-Nielsen - 2013 - Centaurus 55 (3):221-242.
    With this introduction we aim to illuminate Western Europe's place on the map of Cold War science and, specifically, to draw attention to the differences in and the diversity of Western European Cold War science in comparison to the United States. By discussing narratives of Cold War science in small states and asking how they fit into the European condition, we suggest that the fact of being a small state affects the conditions for and the scope of Cold War science. (...)
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  • FOCUS: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE AND THE COLD WAR: Introduction.Hunter Heyck & David Kaiser - 2010 - Isis 101 (2):362-366.
    ABSTRACT Twenty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Cold War looks ever more like a slice of history rather than a contemporary reality. During those same twenty years, scholarship on science, technology, and the state during the Cold War era has expanded dramatically. Building on major studies of physics in the American context—often couched in terms of “big science”—recent work has broached scientific efforts in other domains as well, scrutinizing Cold War scholarship in increasingly international and comparative (...)
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  • Forschen in einer extremen UmweltResearch in an Extreme Environment.Eike-Christian Heine - 2021 - NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 29 (2):171-202.
    Zusammenfassung1958 startete vor der kleinasiatischen Küste eines der ersten Vorhaben für eine systematische archäologische Kampagne unter der Wasseroberfläche. Dabei wurde vor dem Kap Gelidonya das Wrack eines bronzezeitlichen Schiffs untersucht. Um die Arbeitsweise und die konkreten Probleme der Unterwasserarchäologie näher zu beleuchten, umfasst dieser Beitrag neben einer Beschreibung der konkreten Forschungsgegenstände und der eingesetzten technischen Hilfsmitteln auch die naturräumlichen Eigenschaften sowie die politischen Rahmenbedingungen jener Zeit. Am Übergang zwischen kolonialem Zeitalter und Kaltem Krieg zeichnet er zudem die biografischen Wege nach, (...)
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  • Forschen in einer extremen Umwelt: Praktiken unterwasserarchäologischer Feldforschung am Kap Gelidonya (1958–1961).Eike-Christian Heine - 2021 - NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 29 (2):171-202.
    Zusammenfassung1958 startete vor der kleinasiatischen Küste eines der ersten Vorhaben für eine systematische archäologische Kampagne unter der Wasseroberfläche. Dabei wurde vor dem Kap Gelidonya das Wrack eines bronzezeitlichen Schiffs untersucht. Um die Arbeitsweise und die konkreten Probleme der Unterwasserarchäologie näher zu beleuchten, umfasst dieser Beitrag neben einer Beschreibung der konkreten Forschungsgegenstände und der eingesetzten technischen Hilfsmitteln auch die naturräumlichen Eigenschaften sowie die politischen Rahmenbedingungen jener Zeit. Am Übergang zwischen kolonialem Zeitalter und Kaltem Krieg zeichnet er zudem die biografischen Wege nach, (...)
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  • ‘Darwin was Wrong.’ The International Media Coverage of theOreopithecus' Reinterpretation.Clara Florensa - 2016 - Centaurus 58 (3):219-238.
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  • A nuclear monument the size of a football field: The diplomatic construction of soil nuclearity in the Palomares accident.Clara Florensa - 2021 - Centaurus 63 (2):320-338.
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  • Does Scientific Intelligence Matter?Ronald E. Doel - 2010 - Centaurus 52 (4):311-322.
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  • Das Big Data GameThe Big Data Game.Anne Dippel - 2017 - NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 25 (4):485-517.
    ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Artikel widmet sich der Frage, wie Spiele und spielen zur Big-Data-basierten Wissensproduktion in der Hochenergiephysik beitragen. Als Beispiel dienen Detektorkollaborationen am Large Hadron Collider (LHC) der Europäischen Organisation für Kernforschung (CERN), in denen die Autorin seit 2014 kulturanthropologische Feldforschung unternommen hat. Der ludische Aspekt der Wissensproduktion wird hier in drei verschiedenen Dimensionen analysiert: der symbolischen, der ontologischen und der epistemischen. Erstere verweist auf das CERN als Ort, an dem ein kosmologisches Wahrscheinlichkeitsspiel mithilfe von Monte-Carlo-Simulationen durchgeführt wird. Die Zweite (...)
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  • Das Big Data Game: Zur spielerischen Konstitution kollaborativer Wissensproduktion in der Hochenergiephysik am CERN.Anne Dippel - 2017 - NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 25 (4):485-517.
    ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Artikel widmet sich der Frage, wie Spiele und spielen zur Big-Data-basierten Wissensproduktion in der Hochenergiephysik beitragen. Als Beispiel dienen Detektorkollaborationen am Large Hadron Collider der Europäischen Organisation für Kernforschung, in denen die Autorin seit 2014 kulturanthropologische Feldforschung unternommen hat. Der ludische Aspekt der Wissensproduktion wird hier in drei verschiedenen Dimensionen analysiert: der symbolischen, der ontologischen und der epistemischen. Erstere verweist auf das CERN als Ort, an dem ein kosmologisches Wahrscheinlichkeitsspiel mithilfe von Monte-Carlo-Simulationen durchgeführt wird. Die Zweite wird durch (...)
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  • On Labels and Issues: The Lysenko Controversy and the Cold War.William deJong-Lambert & Nikolai Krementsov - 2012 - Journal of the History of Biology 45 (3):373-388.
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  • Ethno-biology during the Cold War: Biocca's Expedition to Amazonia.Daniele Cozzoli - 2016 - Centaurus 58 (4):281-309.
    This article focuses on the ethno-biological expedition to the Amazon headed by Ettore Biocca between November 1962 and July 1963. Biocca, a parasitologist by training, assembled a multidisciplinary team to carry out an ethno-biological study of Amazon natives. The expedition work covered the natives' customs, myths, chants, diseases and the hallucinogenic compounds and curare they used, and took into account plants and animals common to the Amazon environment. This article aims to contribute to the understanding of the 20th-century Western approach (...)
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  • The Italian Communist Party and the "Lysenko Affair" (1948-1955).Francesco Cassata - 2012 - Journal of the History of Biology 45 (3):469 - 498.
    This article explores the impact of the VASKhNIL conference upon the cultural policy of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and Italian communist biology, with particular attention to the period between 1948 and 1951. News of the Moscow session did not appear in the Italian news media until October, 1948, and for the next three years party biologists struggled over whether to translate the official transcript of the proceedings, The Situation in Biological Science, into Italian. This struggle reveals the complex efforts (...)
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  • The Italian Communist Party and the “Lysenko Affair”.Francesco Cassata - 2012 - Journal of the History of Biology 45 (3):469-498.
    This article explores the impact of the VASKhNIL conference upon the cultural policy of the Italian Communist Party and Italian communist biology, with particular attention to the period between 1948 and 1951. News of the Moscow session did not appear in the Italian news media until October, 1948, and for the next three years party biologists struggled over whether to translate the official transcript of the proceedings, The Situation in Biological Science, into Italian. This struggle reveals the complex efforts of (...)
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  • Capsaicin and cybernetics: Mexican intellectual networks in the foundation of cybernetics.Andrés Burbano & Everardo Reyes - 2022 - AI and Society 37 (3):1013-1025.
    This paper offers some insights and clarifications of the paramount role that Mexico has had in the forging of first-order cybernetics. Our account starts with Arturo Rosenblueth as a key intellectual figure in the foundation and formation of the field. After revisiting a historical context of people and places, we proceed to a cultural and media archeological investigation that helps us obtain new insights into the ongoing effort to intertwine the complex intellectual networks across different countries in Latin America, North (...)
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  • Materials Research in France: A Short-lived National Initiative (1982–1994).Emanuel Bertrand & Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent - 2011 - Minerva 49 (2):191-214.
    This paper describes the French initiative in materials research against both a national and an international background, in an attempt to disentangle the local circumstances, which prompted this governmental initiative, and to characterize the specific profile of materials research in France. In presenting a biography of the interdisciplinary program in materials research (PIRMAT), we argue that: i) the PIRMAT denotes a failure of the French science policy in materials research; ii) the leadership of the CNRS led to a specific style (...)
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  • Introduction: Science, Technology, Medicine – and the State: The Science-State Nexus in Scandinavia, 1850–1980.Kristin Asdal & Christoph Gradmann - 2014 - Science in Context 27 (2):177-186.
    One of the common characteristics of science, technology, and medicine is their ambition to epistemologically and organizationally move beyond the confines of nation states. In practice, however, they develop differently in countries or regions. Scientists, engineers, and physicians are constrained as well as enabled by national boundaries and specific cultures. The cultural status of such practices in reverse is influenced by a country's history, politics, and the view of the role of science, technology, and medicine in society. It is the (...)
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  • Global perspectives on science diplomacy: Exploring the diplomacy‐knowledge nexus in contemporary histories of science.Matthew Adamson & Roberto Lalli - 2021 - Centaurus 63 (1):1-16.
    Contemporary scholarship concerning science diplomacy is increasingly taking a historical approach. In our introduction to this special issue, we argue that this approach promises insight into science diplomacy because of the tools historians of science bring to their work. In particular, we observe that not only are historians of science currently poised to chart the diplomatic aspects involved in the transnational circulation of technoscientific knowledge, materials, and expertise. They are ready to bring critical global analysis to an important phenomenon that (...)
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