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  1. Elimination of Bias in Introspection: Methodological Advances, Refinements, and Recommendations.Radek Trnka & Vit Smelik - 2020 - New Ideas in Psychology 56.
    Building on past constructive criticism, the present study provides further methodological development focused on the elimination of bias that may occur during first-person observation. First, various sources of errors that may accompany introspection are distinguished based on previous critical literature. Four main errors are classified, namely attentional, attributional, conceptual, and expressional error. Furthermore, methodological recommendations for the possible elimination of these errors have been determined based on the analysis and focused excerpting of introspective scientific literature. The following groups of methodological (...)
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  • The path to contentless experience in meditation: An evidence synthesis based on expert texts.Toby J. Woods, Jennifer M. Windt & Olivia Carter - 2024 - Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 23 (4):865-902.
    In contentless experience (sometimes termed _pure consciousness_) there is an absence of mental content such as thought, perception, and mental imagery. The path to contentless experience in meditation can be taken to comprise the meditation technique, and the experiences (“interim-states”) on the way to the contentless “goal-state/s”. Shamatha, Transcendental, and Stillness Meditation are each said to access contentless experience, but the path to that experience in each practice is not yet well understood from a scientific perspective. We have employed evidence (...)
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  • Discovering the structures of lived experience: Towards a micro-phenomenological analysis method.Claire Petitmengin, Anne Remillieux & Camila Valenzuela-Moguillansky - 2019 - Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 18 (4):691-730.
    This paper describes a method for analyzing a corpus of descriptions collected through micro-phenomenological interviews. This analysis aims at identifying the structure of the singular experiences which have been described, and in particular their diachronic structure, while unfolding generic experiential structures through an iterative approach. After summarizing the principles of the micro-phenomenological interview, and then describing the process of preparation of the verbatim, the article presents on the one hand, the principles and conceptual devices of the analysis method and on (...)
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  • What Is Meditation? Proposing an Empirically Derived Classification System.Karin Matko & Peter Sedlmeier - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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  • A Review on Research and Evaluation Methods for Investigating Self-Transcendence.Alexandra Kitson, Alice Chirico, Andrea Gaggioli & Bernhard E. Riecke - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11:547687.
    Self-transcendence has been characterized as a decrease in self-saliency (ego disillusionment) and increased connection, and has been growing in research interest in the past decade. Several measures have been developed and published with some degree of psychometric validity and reliability. However, to date, there has been no review systematically describing, contrasting, and evaluating the different methodological approaches toward measuring self-transcendence including questionnaires, neurological and physiological measures, and qualitative methods. To address this gap, we conducted a review to describe existing methods (...)
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  • Understanding the Nature of Oneness Experience in Meditators Using Collective Intelligence Methods.Eric Van Lente & Michael J. Hogan - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
    Research on meditation and mindfulness practice has flourished in recent years. While much of this research has focused on well-being outcomes associated with mindfulness practice, less research has focused on how perception of self may change as a result of mindfulness practice, or whether these changes in self-perception may be mechanisms of mindfulness in action. This is somewhat surprising given that mindfulness derives from traditions often described as guiding people to realise and experience the non-separation of self from the world (...)
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  • Evidence synthesis indicates contentless experiences in meditation are neither truly contentless nor identical.Toby J. Woods, Jennifer M. Windt & Olivia Carter - 2024 - Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 23 (2):253-304.
    Contentless experience involves an absence of mental content such as thought, perception, and mental imagery. In academic work it has been classically treated as including states like those aimed for in Shamatha, Transcendental, and Stillness Meditation. We have used evidence synthesis to select and review 135 expert texts from within the three traditions. In this paper we identify the features of contentless experience referred to in the expert texts and determine whether the experiences are the same or different across the (...)
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  • Defining Meditation: Foundations for an Activity-Based Phenomenological Classification System.Terje Sparby & Matthew D. Sacchet - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    Classifying different meditation techniques is essential for the progress of meditation research, as this will enable discerning which effects are associated with which techniques, in addition to supporting the development of increasingly effective and efficient meditation-based training programs and clinical interventions. However, both the task of defining meditation itself, as well as defining specific techniques, faces many fundamental challenges. Here we describe problems involved in this endeavor and suggest an integrated model for defining meditation. For classifying different meditation techniques, we (...)
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  • Silence in Shamatha, Transcendental, and Stillness Meditation: An Evidence Synthesis Based on Expert Texts.Toby J. Woods, Jennifer M. Windt & Olivia Carter - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11:543693.
    Shamatha, Transcendental, and Stillness Meditation are said to aim for “contentless” experiences, where mental content such as thoughts, perceptions, and mental images is absent. Silence is understood to be a central feature of those experiences. The main source of information about the experiences is texts by experts from within the three traditions. Previous research has tended not to use an explicit scientific method for selecting and reviewing expert texts on meditation. We have identified evidence synthesis as a robust and transparent (...)
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  • Awareness in the void: a micro-phenomenological exploration of conscious dreamless sleep.Adriana Alcaraz-Sanchez - 2023 - Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 22 (4):867-905.
    This paper presents a pilot study that explores instances of objectless awareness during sleep: conscious experiences had during sleep that prima facie lack an object of awareness. This state of objectless awareness during sleep has been widely described by Indian contemplative traditions and has been characterised as a state of consciousness-as-such; while in it, there is nothing to be aware of, one is _merely_ conscious (cf. Evans-Wentz, 1960 ; Fremantle, 2001 ; Ponlop, 2006 ). While this phenomenon has received different (...)
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  • Emotional Influences on Cognitive Flexibility Depend on Individual Differences: A Combined Micro-Phenomenological and Psychophysiological Study.Alejandra Vásquez-Rosati, Rodrigo Montefusco-Siegmund, Vladimir López & Diego Cosmelli - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10:435862.
    Imagine a scenario where you are cooking and suddenly, the contents of the pot start to come out, and the oven bell rings. You would have to stop what you are doing and start responding to the changing demands, switching between different objects, operations and mental sets. This ability is known as cognitive flexibility. Now, add to this scenario a strong emotional atmosphere that invades you as you spontaneously recall a difficult situation you had that morning. How would you behave? (...)
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