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  1. There is no “point” to space.Gary W. Strong - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):279-279.
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  • What does calibration solve?Arnold Trehub - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):279-280.
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  • The “calibration” solution still leaves much work to be done.A. P. Petrov - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):273-274.
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  • Is λ an appropriate control variable for locomotion?Thomas M. Hamm & Zong-Sheng Han - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):761-762.
    The lambda model predicts that the command received by each motor nucleus during locomotion is specific for the joint at which its muscle acts and is independent of external conditions. However, investigation of the commands received by motor nuclei during fictive locomotion and of the sensitivity of these commands to feedback from the limb during locomotion indicates that neither condition is satisfied.
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  • The unobservability of central commands: Why testing hypotheses is so difficult.Antony Hodgson - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):763-764.
    The experiments Feldman and Levin suggest do not definitively test their proposed solution to the problem of selecting muscle activations. Their test of the movement directions that elicit EMG activity can be interpreted without regard to the form of the central commands, and their fast elbow flexion test is based on a forward computation that obscures the insensitivity of the predicted trajectory to the details of the putative commands.
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  • Grip force adjustments during rapid hand movements suggest that detailed movement kinematics are predicted.J. Randall Flanagan, James R. Tresilian & Alan M. Wing - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):753-754.
    The λ model suggests that detailed kinematics arise from changes in control variables and need not be explicitly planned. However, we have shown that when moving a grasped object, grip force is precisely modulated in phase with acceleration-dependent inertial load. This suggests that the motor system can predict detailed kinematics. This prediction may be based on a forward model of the dynamics of the loaded limb.
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  • Reciprocal and coactivation commands are not sufficient to describe muscle activation patterns.C. C. A. M. Gielen & B. van Bolhuis - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):754-755.
    Recent results have shown that the relative activation of muscles is different for isometric contractions and for movements. These results exclude an explanation of muscle activation patterns by a combination ofreciprocal and coactivation commands. These results also indicate that joint stiffness is not uniquely determined and that it may be different for isometric contractions and movements.
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  • Why neural synchrony fails to explain the unity of visual consciousness.Eric LaRock - 2006 - Behavior and Philosophy 34:39-58.
    A central issue in philosophy and neuroscience is the problem of unified visual consciousness. This problem has arisen because we now know that an object's stimulus features (e.g., its color, texture, shape, etc.) generate activity in separate areas of the visual cortex (Felleman & Van Essen, 1991). For example, recent evidence indicates that there are very few, if any, neural connections between specific visual areas, such as those that correlate with color and motion (Bartels & Zeki, 2006; Zeki, 2003). So (...)
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  • Objective Subjectivity: Allocentric and Egocentric Representations in Thought and Experience.Pete Mandik - 2000 - Dissertation, Washington University
    Many philosophical issues concern questions of objectivity and subjectivity. Of these questions, there are two kinds. The first considers whether something is objective or subjective; the second what it _means_ for something to be objective or subjective.
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  • Mental representation and the subjectivity of consciousness.Pete Mandik - 2001 - Philosophical Psychology 14 (2):179-202.
    Many have urged that the biggest obstacles to a physicalistic understanding of consciousness are the problems raised in connection with the subjectivity of consciousness. These problems are most acutely expressed in consideration of the knowledge argument against physicalism. I develop a novel account of the subjectivity of consciousness by explicating the ways in which mental representations may be perspectival. Crucial features of my account involve analogies between the representations involved in sensory experience and the ways in which pictorial representations exhibit (...)
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  • How Subjects Can Emerge from Neurons.Eric LaRock & Mostyn Jones - 2019 - Process Studies 48 (1):40-58.
    We pose a foundational problem for those who claim that subjects are ontologically irreducible, but causally reducible (weak emergence). This problem is neuroscience’s notorious binding problem, which concerns how distributed neural areas produce unified mental objects (such as perceptions) and the unified subject that experiences them. Synchrony, synapses and other mechanisms cannot explain this. We argue that this problem seriously threatens popular claims that mental causality is reducible to neural causality. Weak emergence additionally raises evolutionary worries about how we’ve survived (...)
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  • A mechanism for spatial perception on human skin.Francesca Fardo, Brianna Beck, Tony Cheng & Patrick Haggard - 2018 - Cognition 178 (C):236-243.
    Our perception of where touch occurs on our skin shapes our interactions with the world. Most accounts of cutaneous localisation emphasise spatial transformations from a skin-based reference frame into body-centred and external egocentric coordinates. We investigated another possible method of tactile localisation based on an intrinsic perception of ‘skin space’. The arrangement of cutaneous receptive fields (RFs) could allow one to track a stimulus as it moves across the skin, similarly to the way animals navigate using path integration. We applied (...)
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  • Why Vision is More than Seeing.Melvyn A. Goodale - 2001 - Canadian Journal of Philosophy 31 (sup1):186-214.
    Vision is so closely identified with visual phenomenology that we sometimes forget that the visual system does more than deliver our experience of the world. Vision also plays a critical role in the control of our movements, from picking up our coffee cups to playing tennis. But the visual control of movement has, until recently, been relatively neglected. Indeed, traditional accounts of vision, while acknowledging the role of vision in motor control, have simply regarded such control as part of a (...)
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  • Vector code in space constancy.E. N. Sokolov - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):278-278.
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  • The translation solution plus motion suppression account for perceived stability.Arnold E. Stoper - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):278-279.
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  • Neuronal death of the cancellation theory?Claude Prablanc - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):274-275.
    The question of how the brain can construct a stable representation of the external world despite eye movements is a very old one. If there have been some wrong statements of problems (such as the inverted retinal image), other statements are less naive and have led to analytic solutions possibly adopted by the brain to counteract the spurious effects of eye movements. Following the MacKay (1973) objections to the analytic view of perceptual stability, Bridgeman et al. claim that the idea (...)
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  • Just how different are perceptual and visuomotor localization abilities?Paul Dassonville, John Schlag & Madeleine Schlag-Rey - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):258-259.
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  • How far should we extend the equilibrium point (lambda) hypothesis?Jack M. Winters - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):785-786.
    A key feature of the lambda model is the hypothesis of a local spring-like muscle-reflex system defined by a central control variable that has units of position. This is intriguing, especially for a study of postural stability in large-scale systems, but it has limited direct application to skilled everyday movements. If movement is considered as a goal-directed, neuro-optimization problem, however, theavailabilityof lambda-like peripheral models (vs. conventional musculoskeletal models) deserves exploration.
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  • Interneurons as backseat drivers and the elusive control variable.T. Richard Nichols - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):772-773.
    It is proposed here that the spinal network of proprioceptive feedback from length and force receptors constitutes the mechanism underlying the coordination of activation thresholds for muscles acting about the same and neighboring joints. For the most part, these circuits come between motoneurons and supraspinal signals, invalidating the idea that the activation thresholds constitute control variables for the motor system.
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  • Can the λ model benefit from understanding human adaptation in weightlessness(and vice versa)?P. Vernon McDonald - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):768-768.
    Parameters of the lambda model seem tightly linked to certain characteristics of human performance influenced by weightlessness. This commentary suggests that there is a valuable opportunity to probe the lambda model using the changed environment experienced during space flight. The likely benefits are a better model and a better understanding ofthe consequences of weightlessness for human performance.
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  • Do control variables exist?Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos & William H. Warren - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):762-762.
    We argue that the concept of a control variable (CV) as described by Feldman and Levin needs to be revised because it does not account for the influence of sensory feedback from the periphery. We provide evidence from the realm of rhythmic movements that sensory feedback can permanently alter the frequency and phase of a centrally generated rhythm.
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  • Shifting frames of reference but the same old point of view.Gerald L. Gottlieb - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):758-758.
    Models of central control variables (CVs) that are expressed in positional reference frames and rely on proprioception as the dominant specifier of muscle activation patterns have not yet been shown to be adequate for the description of fast, voluntary movement, even of single joints. An alternative model with illustrative data is proposed.
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  • Streams and consciousness: Visual awareness and the brain.A. David Milner - 1998 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2 (1):25-30.
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  • On the locus of visual stability.Daniel N. Robinson - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):275-276.
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  • Equifinality and phase-resetting: The role of control parameter manipulations.R. E. A. van Emmerik & R. C. Wagenaar - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):783-784.
    It is argued that the equilibrium point model can lead to new insights regarding transition and stability processes in movement coordination. The role of movement control parameters on equifinality and phase-resetting is discussed; not only control but also external control parameters can affect the global dynamical regime.
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  • The lambda model is only one piece in the motor control puzzle.Jeffrey Dean - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):749-749.
    The lambda model provides a physiologically grounded terminology for describing muscle function and emphasizes the important influence of environmental and reflex-mediated effects on final states. However, lambda itself is only a convenient point on the length-tension curve; its importance should not be overemphasized. Ascribing movement to changes in a lambda-based frame of reference is generally valid, but it leaves unanswered a number of questions concerning mechanisms.
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  • Is the multi-joint pointing movement model applicable to equilibrium control during upper trunk movements?Alexey Alexandrov, Alexander Frolov & Jean Massion - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):745-746.
    Two aspects of the target article, (1) the extension of the equilibrium point theory to multi-joint movements, and (2) the consequence that the EMG pattern is not directly controlled by the central nervous system (CNS), are discussed in light of the experiments on upper trunk bending in humans. The principle component kinematic analysis and the analysis of the EMG data, obtained under microgravity and additional loading conditions, support the application of Feldman and Levin's for multi-joint pointing movement to equilibrium control (...)
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  • The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control.Anatol G. Feldman & Mindy F. Levin - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):723-744.
    A hypothesis about sensorimotor integration (the λ model) is described and applied to movement control and kinesthesia. The central idea is that the nervous system organizes positional frames of reference for the sensorimotor apparatus and produces active movements by shifting the frames in terms of spatial coordinates. Kinematic and electromyographic patterns are not programmed, but emerge from the dynamic interaction among the system s components, including external forces within the designated frame of reference. Motoneuronal threshold properties and proprioceptive inputs to (...)
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  • Body-centered representations for visually-guided action emerge during early infancy.Rick O. Gilmore & Mark H. Johnson - 1997 - Cognition 65 (1):B1-B9.
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  • How our world remains stable despite disturbing influences.Bruce Bridgeman, A. H. C. Van der Heijden & Boris M. Velichkovsky - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):282-292.
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  • The world as an outside iconic memory – no strong internal metric means no problem of visual stability.J. Kevin O'Regan - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):270-271.
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  • Is there a role for extraretinal factors in the maintenance of stability in a structured environment?Eugene Chekaluk - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):258-258.
    The calibration solution to the stability of the world despite eye movements depends, according to Bridgeman et al., upon a combination of three factors which presumably all need to operate to achieve the goal of stability. Although the authors admit (sect. 4.3, para. 5) that the relative contributions of retinal and extraretinal factors will depend on the particular viewing situation, Figure 5 (sect. 4.3) makes it clear in its representation that the role of perceptual factors is relatively minor compared to (...)
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  • Levers to generate movement.U. Windhorst - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):784-785.
    The following questions are discussed: (1) Who determines the nature of “control variables”? (2) Is the “positional monopoly” healthy? (3) Does a descending command alter reflex threshold alone without eoncomitantly altering stiffness? (4) How does the CNS deal with history-dependent effects? (5) Should we abandon the idea that the CNS controls classical Newtonian variables such as muscle length?
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  • Kinematic invariances and body schema.Pietro Morasso & Vittorio Sanguineti - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):769-770.
    Generalizing the notion that muscles are positional frames of reference, a high-dimensional muscle space is defined for multi-muscle systems with an embedded low-dimensional motor manifold of functional articulators. A central representation of such a manifold is proposed as computational body schema. The example of the jaw-tongue system is presented, discussing the relation of functional articulators with kinematic invariances and control problems.
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  • Seeing where we look: Fixation as extraretinal information.D. Alfred Owens & Edward S. Reed - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):271-272.
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  • A theory of visual stability across saccadic eye movements.Bruce Bridgeman, A. H. C. Van der Heijden & Boris M. Velichkovsky - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):247-258.
    We identify two aspects of the problem of maintaining perceptual stability despite an observer's eye movements. The first, visual direction constancy, is the (egocentric) stability of apparent positions of objects in the visual world relative to the perceiver. The second, visual position constancy, is the (exocentric) stability of positions of objects relative to each other. We analyze the constancy of visual direction despite saccadic eye movements.Three information sources have been proposed to enable the visual system to achieve stability: the structure (...)
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  • Equilibrium-point control? Yes! Deterministic mechanisms of control? No!Mark L. Latash - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):765-766.
    The equilibrium-point hypothesis (the λ-model) is superior to all other models of single-joint control and provides deep insights into the mechanisms of control of multi-joint movements. Attempts at associating control variables with neurophysiological variables look confusing rather than promising. Probabilistic mechanisms may play an important role in movement generation in redundant systems.
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  • A few reasons why psychologlsts can adhere to Feldman and Levin's model.Mireille Bonnard & Jean Pailhous - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):746-747.
    We emphasize the relevance to cognitive psychology of Feldman and Levin's theoretical position. Traditional views of motor control have failed to clearly separate “production control” at the level of motor command, based on task-independent CV (control variables), from intentional “product control” based on task-dependent parameters. Because F&L's approach concentrates on the first process (trajectory formation), it can distinguish the product control stage.
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  • Studying Spatial Conceptualization across Cultures: Anthropology and Cognitive Science.Stephen C. Levinson - 1998 - Ethos: Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology 26 (1):7-24.
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  • Frameworks on shifting sands.R. Lngvaldsen & H. T. A. Whiting - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):764-765.
    Feldman and Levin present a model for movement control in which the system is said to seek equilibrium points, active movement being produced by shifting frames of reference in space. It is argued that whatever merit this model might have is limited to an understanding of “the how” and not “the why” we move. In this way the authors seem to be forced into a dualistic position leaving the upper level of the proposed control hierarchy “floating.”.
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  • Perceptual stability and postsaccadic visual information: Can man bridge a gap?H. Deubel & W. X. Schneider - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):259-260.
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  • What can we expect from models of motor control?Gerald E. Loeb - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):767-768.
    The lambda model of servocontrol seems superior to the alpha model in terms of dealing with the mechanical complexities of nonlinear and multiarticular muscles. Both, however, can be trivialized by noting that the “control variable” may simply be the sum of descending influences at propriospinal interneurons in the case of the lambda model or in the muscles themselves in the case of the alpha model. The notion that the brain explicitly computes output in terms of any such control variables may (...)
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  • (1 other version)The central role of the parietal lobes in consciousness.John G. Taylor - 2001 - Consciousness and Cognition 10 (3):379-417.
    There are now various approaches to understand where and how in the brain consciousness arises from neural activity, none of which is universally accepted. Difficulties among these approaches are reviewed, and a missing ingredient is proposed here to help adjudicate between them, that of ''perspectivalness.'' In addition to a suitable temporal duration and information content of the relevant bound brain activity, this extra component is posited as being a further important ingredient for the creation of consciousness from neural activity. It (...)
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  • Fixations or smooth eye movements?Alexander H. Wertheim - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):281-282.
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  • Task dependent spatial memory across saccades.Keith S. Karn, Joel Lachter, Per Møller & Mary Hayhoe - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):267-268.
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  • Control parameters, equilibria, and coordination dynamics.Dagmar Sternad & M. T. Turvey - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):780-780.
    Important similarities exist between the dynamical concepts implicit in Feldman & Levin's extended λ model and those basic to a dynamical systems approach. We argue that careful application of the key concepts of control and order parameters, equilibria, and stability, can relate known facts of neuromuscular processes to the observables of functional, task-specific behavior.
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  • Spatial frames for motor control would be commensurate with spatial frames for vision and proprioception, but what about control of energy flows?Christopher C. Pagano & Geoffrey P. Bingham - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):773-773.
    The model identifies a spatial coordinate frame within which the sensorimotor apparatus produces movement. Its spatial nature simplifies its coupling with spatial reference frames used concurrently by vision and proprioception. While the positional reference frame addresses the performance of spatial tasks, it seems to have little to say about movements involving energy expenditure as the principle component of the task.
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  • Moving models of motion forward: Explication and a new concept.Thomas G. Fikes & James T. Townsend - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):751-753.
    We affirm the dynamical systems approach taken by Feldman and Levin, but argue that a more mathematically rigorous and standard exposition of the model according to dynamical systems theory would greatly increase readability and testability. Such an explication would also have heuristic value, suggesting new variations of the model. We present one such variant, a new solution to the redundancy problem.
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  • Visual stability: What is new?P. van Donkelaar & U. Windhorst - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):280-281.
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  • The λ model for motor control: More than meets the eye.Mindy F. Levin & Anatol G. Feldman - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):786-806.
    Understanding of the λ model has greatly increased in recent years as evidenced by most of the commentaries. Some commentators underscored the potential of the model to integrate aspects of different sensorimotor systems in the production of movement. Other commentators focused on not-yet-fully-developed parts of the model. A few persisted in misunderstanding some of its basic concepts, and on these grounds they reject it. In responding to commentaries we continue to elaborate on some fundamental points of the model, especially control (...)
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