Abstract

Spermatogenesis is the process of producing sperm in the testicles. It occurs in several stages, starting with the primordial germ cells, which differentiate into spermatogonia. Spermatogonia undergo successive mitoses to form primary spermatocytes, which, in turn, undergo meiosis, resulting in secondary spermatocytes. Secondary spermatocytes later transform into spermatids, which are immature sperm. Spermatids undergo maturation and differentiation to become mature sperm, ready for fertilization. This process is highly regulated by hormones and is essential for male fertility and reproduction. Spermatogenesis is a complex process divided into three phases: spermatogonial or proliferative phase, meiotic phase, and spermiogenic phase, which are strictly related to animal physiology. These phases are influenced by several factors, including temperature, nutrition, diseases, and stress. Understanding these factors that influence spermatogenesis determines the animals’ productivity, in cases of changes, it can be suspected whether they are of genetic origin or environmental causes.