Abstract

Industrial sectors worldwide—including oil refineries, chemical plants, and pharmaceutical industries—generate vast quantities of wastewater contaminated with hazardous chemicals and excess nutrients. Conventional treatment methods, such as the conventional activated sludge (CAS) process, are widely used but have notable drawbacks. These systems are energy-intensive and often face challenges in efficiently removing nitrogen compounds and industrial toxins. In response to these limitations, Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactors (MABRs) have emerged as a promising, more sustainable alternative.