Abstract

The work shows the development of the concept of probability in the history of ideas and science from scholasticism to the 20th century. The epistemic significance of probability as a qualitative determination of knowledge is analysed in depth. The conditions for the possibility of quantitative probability are analysed. At the centre is the consideration that the elementary level of qualitative probabilities does not allow for equal probabilities. This is because it is based on a two-valued logic. This premise demonstrates the limits of what can be said through probabilities, including the fact that the application of the law of large numbers does not justify empirical statements.