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  1. Reachability is harder for directed than for undirected finite graphs.Miklos Ajtai & Ronald Fagin - 1990 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 55 (1):113-150.
    Although it is known that reachability in undirected finite graphs can be expressed by an existential monadic second-order sentence, our main result is that this is not the case for directed finite graphs (even in the presence of certain "built-in" relations, such as the successor relation). The proof makes use of Ehrenfeucht-Fraisse games, along with probabilistic arguments. However, we show that for directed finite graphs with degree at most k, reachability is expressible by an existential monadic second-order sentence.
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  • The relative efficiency of propositional proof systems.Stephen A. Cook & Robert A. Reckhow - 1979 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 44 (1):36-50.
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  • Polynomial size proofs of the propositional pigeonhole principle.Samuel R. Buss - 1987 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 52 (4):916-927.
    Cook and Reckhow defined a propositional formulation of the pigeonhole principle. This paper shows that there are Frege proofs of this propositional pigeonhole principle of polynomial size. This together with a result of Haken gives another proof of Urquhart's theorem that Frege systems have an exponential speedup over resolution. We also discuss connections to provability in theories of bounded arithmetic.
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