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  1. Operationalism.D. A. Gillies - 1972 - Synthese 25 (1-2):1 - 24.
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  • The concept of observation in science and philosophy.Dudley Shapere - 1982 - Philosophy of Science 49 (4):485-525.
    Through a study of a sophisticated contemporary scientific experiment, it is shown how and why use of the term 'observation' in reference to that experiment departs from ordinary and philosophical usages which associate observation epistemically with perception. The role of "background information" is examined, and general conclusions are arrived at regarding the use of descriptive language in and in talking about science. These conclusions bring out the reasoning by which science builds on what it has learned, and, further, how that (...)
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  • Why do Scientists Prefer to Vary their Experiments?Allan Franklin - 1984 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 15 (1):51.
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  • Are paradigms incommensurable?Allan Franklin - 1984 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 35 (1):57-60.
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