This book explores the main stages and key concepts in the development of Kant's critical philosophy, from the early 1760s to the 1790s. Karl Ameriks provides a detailed and concise account of the main ways in which the later critical works provide a plausible defense of the conception of humanity's fundamental end that Kant turned to after reading Rousseau in the 1760s. Separate essays are devoted to each of the three Critiques, as well as to earlier notes and lectures and (...) several of Kant's later writings on history and religion. A final section devotes three chapters to post-Kantian developments in German Romanticism, accounts of tragedy up through Nietzsche, and contemporary philosophy. The theme of an elliptical path is shown to be relevant to these writers as well as to many aspects of Kant's own life and work. The topics of the book include fundamental issues in epistemology and metaphysics, with a new defense of the Amerik's 'moderate' interpretation of transcendental idealism. (shrink)

The Critique of Pure Reason—Kant’s First Critique—is one of the most studied texts in intellectual history, but as Alfredo Ferrarin points out in this radically original book, most of that study has focused only on very select parts. Likewise, Kant’s oeuvre as a whole has been compartmentalized, the three Critiques held in rigid isolation from one another. Working against the standard reading of Kant that such compartmentalization has produced, The Powers of Pure Reason explores forgotten parts of the First Critique (...) in order to find an exciting, new, and ultimately central set of concerns by which to read all of Kant’s works. Ferrarin blows the dust off of two egregiously overlooked sections of the First Critique—the Transcendental Dialectic and the Doctrine of Method. There he discovers what he argues is the Critique’s greatest achievement: a conception of the unity of reason and an exploration of the powers it has to reach beyond itself and legislate over the world. With this in mind, Ferrarin dismantles the common vision of Kant as a philosopher writing separately on epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics and natural teleology, showing that the three Critiques are united by this underlying theme: the autonomy and teleology of reason, its power and ends. The result is a refreshing new view of Kant, and of reason itself. (shrink)

Der Begriff "Erste Philosophie" ist aristotelischen Ursprungs. Er bezeichnet bei Aristoteles diejenige philosophische Disziplin, die das göttliche, selbständige und unbewegliche Seiende betrachtet. Bei Wolff dagegen ist die Erste Philosophie deshalb die erste, weil sie die Grundsätze und die elementaren Begriffe bereitstellt, welche die Grundlage für ein deduktives Erkennen bilden. Indem Wolff nach dem Vorbild bereits vorliegender Metaphysikhandbücher des 17.Jhd.s die Ontologie zu einer eigenständigen Disziplin erhebt, trennt er die onto-theologisch verfaßte aristotelische Metaphysik in zwei Gebiete. Die Ontologie behandelt der aristotelischen (...) Maßgabe getreu das Seiende als solches, während die philosophische Theologie zu einer Theologia naturalis ausgebaut wird. Die Ontologie wird gemäß den Regeln der wissenschaftlichen Methode ausgeführt, die mit der mathematischen und philosophischen Methode identisch ist. Dies bedeutet, daß Begriffe klar definiert werden müssen, also zur Identifikation eines Gegenstandes und zu dessen Unterscheidung von allen anderen Gegenständen hinreichen. Begriffe müssen widerspruchsfrei sein und derart in einer Ordnung hergelei-tet werden, daß jeder später gebrauchte Begriff zuvor erklärt wird. Das gleiche gilt für die wissenschaftlichen Sätze, also die Axiome, Postulate und Theoreme. Das Kernstück der §§ 1-78 der Philosophia Prima sive Ontologia (1730), dem lateinisch verfaßten Gegenstück zum zweiten Kapitel der Deutschen Metaphysik, bildet daher die Wolffsche Prinzipienlehre, welche die Grundsätze des ausgeschlossenen Widerspruchs, des ausgeschlossenen Dritten, der Identität und des zureichenden Grundes umfaßt. Die Ausgabe bietet die erste deutsche Übersetzung dieser grundlegenden Lehre im Kontext der Wolffschen Metaphysik. (shrink)

Philological background information is presented on the origin and composition of the text generally known as Kant's Logic. The text, which was not in the strict sense of the word written by Kant himself, but rather assembled by another writer whom Kant had authorized to do so on his behalf, is a mixture of materials, not all of which originate directly from Kant, and cannot claim full authenticity.

This paper defends Kant's conception of architectonic as furthering emancipatory reforms of critical philosophy. The author argues that while Lambert's reform of architectonic was the catalyst for Kant's attention to the term, Rousseau was important for Kant's conception of what architectonical thinking should be for philosophy. Kant's cosmopolitan meaning of architectonic requires that it not be based on an analogy to an architect, but on that of a "teacher in the ideal" who attempts to further essential ends of human reason (...) by discovering systems that can interrogate doctrines for their significance for the whole vocation of humanity. (shrink)

Cosmopolitanism is not a single encompassing idea but rather comes in at least six different varieties, which have often been conflated in previous literature. This is shown on the basis of the discussion in late eighteenth-century Germany (roughly, 1780-1800). The six varieties are: (1) moral cosmopolitanism, the view that all humans belong to a single moral community; political cosmopolitanism, which advocates (2) reform of the international political and legal order or (3) a strong notion of human rights; (4) cultural cosmopolitanism, (...) which emphasizes the value of global cultural pluralism; (5) economic cosmopolitanism, which aims at establishing a global free market; and (6) the romantic ideal of humanity as united by faith and love. These six kinds of cosmopolitanism are not mutually exclusive, and the relationships among them are clarified. (shrink)

Available for the first time in English, this critical translation draws from the original seven Latin editions and Georg Friedrich Meier's 18th-century German translation. Together with a historical and philosophical introduction, extensive glossaries and notes, the text is supported by translations of Kant's elucidations and notes, Eberhard's insertions in the 1783 German edition and texts from the writings of Meier and Wolff. For scholars of Kant, the German Enlightenment and the history of metaphysics, Alexander Baumgarten's Metaphysics is an essential, authoritative (...) resource to a significant philosophical text. (shrink)

Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy is one of the most distinctive achievements of the European Enlightenment. At its heart lies what Kant called the "strange thing": the free rational human will. This introduction explores the basis of Kant's anti-naturalis, secular, moral vision of the human good. Moving from a sketch of the Kantian will, with all its component parts and attributes, to Kant's canonical arguments for his categorical imperative, it shows why Kant thought his moral law the best summary expression of (...) both his own philosophical work on morality and his readers' deepest shared convictions about the good. Kant's central tenets, his key arguments, and core values are presented in an accessible and engaging way, making this book ideal for anyone eager to explore the fundamentals of Kant's moral philosophy. (shrink)