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  1. Business ethics in turkey: An empirical investigation with special emphasis on gender.M. G. Serap Ekin & S. Hande Tezölmez - 1999 - Journal of Business Ethics 18 (1):17 - 34.
    In today's complex business world, the question of business ethics is increasingly gaining importance as managers and employees face numerous ethical dilemmas in their jobs. The ethical climate in the Turkish business environment is also at a critical stage, and the business community as a whole is troubled by ethical problems. This study attempts to determine the effect of individual, managerial and organizational factors on the ethical judgments of Turkish managers, and to evaluate the ethical perceptions of these managers. The (...)
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  • Business Ethics in Turkey: An Empirical Investigation with Special Emphasis on Gender. [REVIEW]M. G. Serap & S. Hande Tezölmez - 1999 - Journal of Business Ethics 18 (1):17-34.
    In today's complex business world, the question of business ethics is increasingly gaining importance as managers and employees face numerous ethical dilemmas in their jobs. The ethical climate in the Turkish business environment is also at a critical stage, and the business community as a whole is troubled by ethical problems. This study attempts to determine the effect of individual, managerial and organizational factors on the ethical judgments of Turkish managers, and to evaluate the ethical perceptions of these managers. The (...)
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  • Determinants of perceptions of cheating: Ethical orientation, personality and demographics. [REVIEW]Dean E. Allmon, Diana Page & Ralph Rpberts - 2000 - Journal of Business Ethics 23 (4):411 - 422.
    A sample of 227 business students from the United States and Australia was used to evaluate factors that impact business students' ethical orientation and factors that impact students' perceptions of ethical classroom behaviors. Perceptions of classroom behaviors was considered a surrogate for future perceptions of business behaviors. Independent factors included age, gender, religious orientation, country of origin, personality, and ethical orientation. A number of factors were related to ethical orientation, but only age and religious orientation exhibited much impact upon perceptions (...)
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  • Determinants of Perceptions of Cheating: Ethical Orientation, Personality and Demographics.Dean E. Allmon, Diana Page & Ralph Roberts - 2000 - Journal of Business Ethics 23 (4):411-422.
    A sample of 227 business students from the United States and Australia was used to evaluate factors that impact business students' ethical orientation and factors that impact students' perceptions of ethical classroom behaviors. Perceptions of classroom behaviors was considered a surrogate for future perceptions of business behaviors. Independent factors included age, gender, religious orientation, country of origin, personality, and ethical orientation. A number of factors were related to ethical orientation, but only age and religious orientation exhibited much impact upon perceptions (...)
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  • Moral Choice and the Declining Influence of Traditional Value Orientations Within the Financial Sector of a Rapidly Developing Region of the People’s Republic of China.Gordon Francis Woodbine - 2004 - Journal of Business Ethics 55 (1):43-60.
    This paper describes the results of a field experiment involving 400 employees from ten financial institutions operating within the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone of the People's Republic of China. It was found that, when faced with an agency-based problem, employees indicated they would be less inclined to advise management of the existence of unethical work practices. Younger employees without supervisory experience displayed significant risk aversion. Traditional Chinese values associated with Confucian work dynamism, were shown to be poor predictors of moral (...)
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  • Gender-Related Differences in Ethical and Social Values of Business Students: Implications for Management. [REVIEW]Patricia L. Smith & I. I. I. Oakley - 1997 - Journal of Business Ethics 16 (1):37-45.
    This study investigated gender-related differences in ethical attitudes of 318 graduate and undergraduate business students. Significant differences were observed in male and female responses to questions concerning ethics in social and personal relationships. No differences were noted for survey items concerning rules-based obligations. Implications for future management are discussed.
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  • Moral Choice and the Declining Influence of Traditional Value Orientations Within the Financial Sector of a Rapidly Developing Region of the People’s Republic of China.Gordon Francis Woodbine - 2004 - Journal of Business Ethics 55 (1):43 - 60.
    This paper describes the results of a field experiment involving 400 employees from ten financial institutions operating within the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone of the Peoples Republic of China. It was found that, when faced with an agency-based problem, employees indicated they would be less inclined to advise management of the existence of unethical work practices. Younger employees without supervisory experience displayed significant risk aversion. Traditional Chinese values associated with Confucian work dynamism, were shown to be poor predictors of moral (...)
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  • Business ethical values in china and the U.s.Laura L. Whitcomb, Carolyn B. Erdener & Chen Li - 1998 - Journal of Business Ethics 17 (8):839-852.
    The research presented in this paper focuses on business ethical values inChina, a country in which the process of institutional transformation has left cultural values in a state of flux. A survey was conducted in China and the U.S. by using five business scenarios. Survey results show similarities between the Chinese and American decision choices for three out of five scenarios. However, the results reveal significant differences in rationales, even forsimilar decisions. The implications of similarities and differences between the U.S. (...)
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  • Moral reasoning and business ethics: Implications for research, education, and management. [REVIEW]Linda Klebe Trevino - 1992 - Journal of Business Ethics 11 (5-6):445 - 459.
    This paper reviews Kohlberg''s (1969) theory of cognitive moral development, highlighting moral reasoning research relevant to the business ethics domain. Implications for future business ethics research, higher education and training, and the management of ethical/unethical behavior are discussed.
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  • An integrative model for understanding and managing ethical behavior in business organizations.W. Edward Stead, Dan L. Worrell & Jean Garner Stead - 1990 - Journal of Business Ethics 9 (3):233 - 242.
    Managing ethical behavior is a one of the most pervasive and complex problems facing business organizations today. Employees' decisions to behave ethically or unethically are influenced by a myriad of individual and situational factors. Background, personality, decision history, managerial philosophy, and reinforcement are but a few of the factors which have been identified by researchers as determinants of employees' behavior when faced with ethical dilemmas. The literature related to ethical behavior is reviewed in this article, and a model for understanding (...)
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  • Gender-related differences in ethical and social values of business students: Implications for management. [REVIEW]Patricia Smith & Ellwood Oakley - 1997 - Journal of Business Ethics 16 (1):37-45.
    This study investigated gender-related differences in ethical attitudes of 318 graduate and undergraduate business students. Significant differences were observed in male and female responses to questions concerning ethics in social and personal relationships. No differences were noted for survey items concerning rules-based obligations. Implications for future management are discussed.
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  • .Patricia Smith - 2004 - Univ of Kansas Pr.
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  • Toward an understanding of religiousness and marketing ethics: An empirical study. [REVIEW]Anusorn Singhapakdi, Janet K. Marta, Kumar C. Rallapalli & C. P. Rao - 2000 - Journal of Business Ethics 27 (4):305 - 319.
    This study examines the influence of religiousness on different components of marketing professionals' ethical decision making: personal moral philosophies, perceived ethical problem, and ethical intentions. The data are from a national survey of the American Marketing Associations' professional members. The results generally indicate that the religiousness of a marketer can partially explain his or her perception of an ethical problem and behavioral intentions. Results also suggest that the religiousness significantly influences the personal moral philosophies of marketers.
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  • The proactive corporation: Its nature and causes. [REVIEW]Jon M. Shepard, Michael Betz & Lenahan O'Connell - 1997 - Journal of Business Ethics 16 (10):1001-1010.
    We argue that the stakeholder perspective on corporate social responsibility is in the process of being enlarged. Due to the process of institutional isomorphism, corporations are increasingly adopting organizational features designed to promote proactivity over mere reactivity in their stakeholder relationships. We identify two sources of pressure promoting the emergence of the proactive corporation -- stakeholder activism and the recognition of the social embeddedness of the economy. The final section describes four organizational design dimensions being installed by the more proactive (...)
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  • Gender differences in ethical frameworks and evaluation of others' choices in ethical dilemmas.Marshall Schminke - 1997 - Journal of Business Ethics 16 (1):55-65.
    This paper examines the relationship between gender and ethical decision models employed by managers. Subjects completed a survey that measured the extent to which they focused on actions or the outcomes of those actions in determining whether a behavior was ethical or not. The study also examined subjects' reactions to other managers' responses to ethical dilemmas. Results suggest that men and women do not differ in their underlying ethical models, that they do differ in the way in which they evaluate (...)
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  • Situational ethics: An empirical study of differentiators of student attitudes. [REVIEW]Charles W. McNichols & Thomas W. Zimmerer - 1985 - Journal of Business Ethics 4 (3):175 - 180.
    This paper reports the results of a questionnaire administered to 1178 undergraduate students and discusses how they responded to ten situations which asked them to assess their personal evaluation of the ethical acceptability, how society would similarly assess the situation and how business persons would respond. Multiple versions of the instrument were developed to investigate if the sex of the person involved in the situation would influence the respondents' perception of the ethical action involved. No differences were identified. Further, the (...)
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  • Ethical perceptions of expatriate and local managers in Hong Kong.Gael M. McDonald & Pak Cho Kan - 1997 - Journal of Business Ethics 16 (15):1605-1623.
    In an effort to build on the current knowledge of ethical behaviour in Asia this paper proposes to replicate existing ethical research and to investigate specific questions relating to intra-cultural differences in Hong Kong. Four major conclusions were derived from this descriptive empirical study. A statistically significant correlation exists between age and ethical beliefs, with older employees less likely to express agreement to an unethical action than younger employees. In contrast to many previous studies no statistically significant differences in ethical (...)
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  • Ethics in education: A comparative study. [REVIEW]Michael S. Lane & Dietrich Schaupp - 1989 - Journal of Business Ethics 8 (12):943 - 949.
    This study reports the results of a survey designed to assess the impact of education on the perceptions of ethical beliefs of students. The study examines the beliefs of students from selected colleges in an eastern university. The results indicate that beliefs which students perceive are required to succeed in the university differ among colleges. Business and economics students consistently perceive a greater need for unethical beliefs than students from other colleges.
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  • Ethics, Income and Religion.Kit-Chun Lam & Bill W. S. Hung - 2005 - Journal of Business Ethics 61 (3):199-214.
    This paper investigates the relationship between ethics and income among individuals of different religions in the HKSAR of China. The presence of both traditional Chinese religion and Christianity from the West makes our study particularly interesting. The content of ethical beliefs varies with religion and thus the effect of ethics on income may also vary across religion. Furthermore, a reverse causal relationship may run from income to ethics. Since culture and taste affect the consumption behavior of a person, depending on (...)
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  • A study of the ethical performance of foreign-investment enterprises in the china labor market.Kit-Chun Lam - 2002 - Journal of Business Ethics 37 (4):349 - 365.
    This paper analyses the ethical performance of foreign-investment enterprises operating in China in comparison to that of the indigenous state-owned enterprises, collectives and private enterprises. It uses both the deontological approach and the utilitarian approach in conceptualization, and applies quantitative and econometric techniques to ethical evaluations of empirical evidences. It shows that according to various ethical performance indicators, foreign-investment enterprises have fared well in comparison with local firms. This paper also tries to unravel the effect of a difference in business (...)
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  • Factors related to the cognitive moral development of business students and business professionals in india and the united states: Nationality, education, sex and gender. [REVIEW]Beverly Kracher, Abha Chatterjee & Arlene R. Lundquist - 2002 - Journal of Business Ethics 35 (4):255-268.
    This research focuses on the similarities and differences in the cognitive moral development of business professionals and graduate business students in two countries, India and the United States. Factors that potentially influence cognitive moral development, namely, culture, education, sex and gender are analyzed and discussed. Implications for ethics education in graduate business schools and professional associations are considered. Future research on the cognitive moral development of graduate business students and business professionals is recommended.
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  • Differences in ethical perceptions between male and female managers: Myth or reality? [REVIEW]Jeaneen M. Kidwell, Robert E. Stevens & Art L. Bethke - 1987 - Journal of Business Ethics 6 (6):489 - 493.
    This study sought to identify whether or not differences exist between the ethical decisions of male and female managers; and, if they do exist, to identify the areas in which differences occurred. An additional evaluation was conducted to determine how each perceived their counterpart would respond to the same ethical decision making situations.Data were collected from 50 male managers and 50 female managers by means of a self-administered questionnaire. Distinctive demographic characteristics were noted among the segments.
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  • Ethical behavior among marketing researchers: An assessment of selected demographic characteristics. [REVIEW]S. W. Kelley, O. C. Ferrell & S. J. Skinner - 1990 - Journal of Business Ethics 9 (8):681 - 688.
    This study considers the relationship between perceptions of ethical behavior and the demographic characteristics of sex, age, education level, job title, and job tenure among a sample of marketing researchers. The findings of this study indicate that female marketing researchers, older marketing researchers, and marketing researchers holding their present job for ten years or more generally rate their behavior as more ethical.
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  • Morality and the Market in China.John J. Hanafin - 2002 - Business Ethics Quarterly 12 (1):1-18.
    A significant effect of China’s rejection of a planned economy for a free market is the stimulus this has given to discussion of therelationship between morality and the market. Some Chinese believe that the introduction of a market economy has had a negative effect on public morality. Others disagree and maintain that it has had only a positive effect. Besides this particular debate there are two others. In the first of these debates, it is maintained on the one side that (...)
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  • The moral authority of transnational corporate codes.William C. Frederick - 1991 - Journal of Business Ethics 10 (3):165 - 177.
    Ethical guidelines for multinational corporations are included in several international accords adopted during the past four decades. These guidelines attempt to influence the practices of multinational enterprises in such areas as employment relations, consumer protection, environmental pollution, political participation, and basic human rights. Their moral authority rests upon the competing principles of national sovereignty, social equity, market integrity, and human rights. Both deontological principles and experience-based value systems undergird and justify the primacy of human rights as the fundamental moral authority (...)
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  • Justice, care, and gender: The Kohlberg-Gilligan debate revisited.Owen Flanagan & Kathryn Jackson - 1987 - Ethics 97 (3):622-637.
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  • Managers' perception of proper ethical conduct: The effect of sex, age, and level of education. [REVIEW]Satish P. Deshpande - 1997 - Journal of Business Ethics 16 (1):79-85.
    This study examined the impact of sex, age, and level of education on the perception of various business practices by managers of a large non-profit organization. Female managers perceived the acceptance of gifts and favors in exchange for preferential treatment significantly more unethical than male managers. Older managers (40 plus) perceived five practices significantly more unethical than younger managers (giving gifts/favors in exchange for preferential treatment, divulging confidential information, concealing ones error, falsifying reports, and calling in sick to take a (...)
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  • An empirical study of moral reasoning among managers.Robbin Derry - 1989 - Journal of Business Ethics 8 (11):855 - 862.
    Current research in moral development suggests that there are two distinct modes of moral reasoning, one based on a morality of justice, the other based on a morality of care. The research presented here examines the kinds of moral reasoning used by managers in work-related conflicts. Twenty men and twenty women were randomly selected from the population of first level managers in a Fortune 100 industrial corporation. In open-ended interviews each participant was asked to describe a situation of moral conflict (...)
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  • Business ethics and religion: Religiosity as a predictor of ethical awareness among students. [REVIEW]Stephen J. Conroy & Tisha L. N. Emerson - 2004 - Journal of Business Ethics 50 (4):383-396.
    We survey students at two Southern United States universities (one public and one private, religiously affiliated). Using a survey instrument that includes 25 vignettes, we test two important hypotheses: whether ethical attitudes are affected by religiosity (H1) and whether ethical attitudes are affected by courses in ethics, religion or theology (H2). Using a definition of religiosity based on behavior (church attendance), our results indicate that religiosity is a statistically significant predictor of responses in a number of ethical scenarios. In seven (...)
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  • Perceptions of business ethics: Students vs. business people. [REVIEW]Barbara C. Cole & Dennie L. Smith - 1996 - Journal of Business Ethics 15 (8):889 - 896.
    The purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions of business students and of business practitioners regarding ethics in business. A survey consisting of a series of brief ethical situations was completed by 537 senior business majors and 158 experienced business people. They responded to the situations, first, as they believed the typical business person would respond and, second, as they believed the ethical response would be.The results indicate that both students and business people perceived a significant gap between (...)
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  • A behavioral model of ethical and unethical decision making.Michael Bommer, Clarence Gratto, Jerry Gravander & Mark Tuttle - 1987 - Journal of Business Ethics 6 (4):265 - 280.
    A model is developed which identifies and describes various factors which affect ethical and unethical behavior in organizations, including a decision-maker's social, government and legal, work, professional and personal environments. The effect of individual decision maker attributes on the decision process is also discussed. The model links these influences with ethical and unethical behavior via the mediating structure of the individual's decision-making process.
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  • Gender differences in proclivity for unethical behavior.Michael Betz, Lenahan O'Connell & Jon M. Shepard - 1989 - Journal of Business Ethics 8 (5):321 - 324.
    This paper explores possible connections between gender and the willingness to engage in unethical business behavior. Two approaches to gender and ethics are presented: the structural approach and the socialization approach. Data from a sample of 213 business school students reveal that men are more than two times as likely as women to engage in actions regarded as unethical but it is also important to note that relatively few would engage in any of these actions with the exception of buying (...)
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  • The work ethic values of protestant british, catholic irish and muslim turkish managers.M. Arslan - 2001 - Journal of Business Ethics 31 (4):321 - 339.
    This paper examines the work ethic characteristics of particular practising Protestant, Catholic and Muslim managers in Britain, Ireland and Turkey. Max Weber, argued that Protestant societies had a particular work ethic which was quite distinct from non-Protestant societies. The Protestant work ethics (PWE) thesis of Weber was reviewed. Previous empirical and analytical research results showed that the number of research results which support Weberian ideas were more than those which did not support. Methodological issues were also discussed. Results revealed that (...)
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  • Personal characteristics in college students' evaluations of business ethics and corporate social responsibility.Peter Arlow - 1991 - Journal of Business Ethics 10 (1):63 - 69.
    A survey of 138 college students reveals an undergraduate major has a greater influence on corporate social responsibility than business ethics. Business students are no less ethical than nonbusiness students. Females are more ethical and socially responsible than males. Age is negatively related to one's Machiavellian orientation and positively related to negative attitudes about corporate efforts at social responsibility. The results suggest a greater need to focus busines ethics instruction based on student characteristics.
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  • The Philosophy of Moral Development: Moral Stages and the Idea of Justice.Lawrence Kohlberg - 1981 - San Francisco : Harper & Row.
    Examines the theories of Socrates, Kant, Dewey, Piaget, and others to explore the implications of Socrates' question "what is a virtuous man, and what is a virtuous school and society which educates virtuous men.".
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  • Moral development in the professions: psychology and applied ethics.James R. Rest & Darcia Narváez (eds.) - 1994 - Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.
    Every year in this country, some 10,000 college and university courses are taught in applied ethics. And many professional organizations now have their own codes of ethics. Yet social science has had little impact upon applied ethics. This book promises to change that trend by illustrating how social science can make a contribution to applied ethics. The text reports psychological studies relevant to applied ethics for many professionals, including accountants, college students and teachers, counselors, dentists, doctors, journalists, nurses, school teachers, (...)
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  • Religion and political economy in an international panel.R. M. McCleary & R. J. Barro - 2006 - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 45 (2):149–175.
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  • Gender-related differences in ethical and social values of business students: Implications for management.Patricia L. Smith & I. I. I. Ellwood F. Oakley - 1997 - Journal of Business Ethics 16 (1):37-45.
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