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Experimental Philosophy: 1935-1965

In Tania Lombrozo, Joshua Knobe & Shaun Nichols (eds.), Oxford Studies in Experimental Philosophy, Volume 1. Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press UK. pp. vol. 1, pp. 325-368 (2014)

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  1. Verbal Disputes.David J. Chalmers - 2011 - Philosophical Review 120 (4):515-566.
    The philosophical interest of verbal disputes is twofold. First, they play a key role in philosophical method. Many philosophical disagreements are at least partly verbal, and almost every philosophical dispute has been diagnosed as verbal at some point. Here we can see the diagnosis of verbal disputes as a tool for philosophical progress. Second, they are interesting as a subject matter for first-order philosophy. Reflection on the existence and nature of verbal disputes can reveal something about the nature of concepts, (...)
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  • Philosophy Without Intuitions.Herman Cappelen - 2012 - Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press UK.
    The standard view of philosophical methodology is that philosophers rely on intuitions as evidence. Herman Cappelen argues that this claim is false: it is not true that philosophers rely extensively on intuitions as evidence. At worst, analytic philosophers are guilty of engaging in somewhat irresponsible use of 'intuition'-vocabulary. While this irresponsibility has had little effect on first order philosophy, it has fundamentally misled meta-philosophers: it has encouraged meta-philosophical pseudo-problems and misleading pictures of what philosophy is.
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  • (2 other versions)The semantic conception of truth and the foundations of semantics.Alfred Tarski - 1943 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 4 (3):341-376.
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  • (2 other versions)Must we mean what we say?Stanley Cavell - 1969 - New York,: Scribner.
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  • (1 other version)The rise and fall of experimental philosophy.Antti Kauppinen - 2007 - Philosophical Explorations 10 (2):95 – 118.
    In disputes about conceptual analysis, each side typically appeals to pre-theoretical 'intuitions' about particular cases. Recently, many naturalistically oriented philosophers have suggested that these appeals should be understood as empirical hypotheses about what people would say when presented with descriptions of situations, and have consequently conducted surveys on non-specialists. I argue that this philosophical research programme, a key branch of what is known as 'experimental philosophy', rests on mistaken assumptions about the relation between people's concepts and their linguistic behaviour. The (...)
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  • (1 other version)The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality, and Tragedy.S. Cavell - 1979 - Critical Philosophy 1 (1):97.
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  • (3 other versions)Experimental Philosophy.Joshua Knobe, Wesley Buckwalter, Shaun Nichols, Philip Robbins, Hagop Sarkissian & Tamler Sommers - 2012 - Annual Review of Psychology 63 (1):81-99.
    Experimental philosophy is a new interdisciplinary field that uses methods normally associated with psychology to investigate questions normally associated with philosophy. The present review focuses on research in experimental philosophy on four central questions. First, why is it that people's moral judgments appear to influence their intuitions about seemingly nonmoral questions? Second, do people think that moral questions have objective answers, or do they see morality as fundamentally relative? Third, do people believe in free will, and do they see free (...)
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  • A plea for excuses.J. L. Austin - 1964 - In Vere Claiborne Chappell (ed.), Ordinary language: essays in philosophical method. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 1--30.
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  • Philosophy and logical syntax.Rudolf Carnap - 1935 - New York: AMS Press.
    'My endeavour in these pages is to explain the main features of the method of philosophizing which we, the Vienna Circle, use, and by using try to develop further. It is the method of the logical analysis of science, or more precisely, of the syntactical analysis of scientific language.... The purpose of the book -- as of the lectures -- is to give a first impression of our method and of the direction of our questions and investigations to those who (...)
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  • An experimental philosophy manifesto.Joshua Knobe & Shaun Nichols - 2008 - In Joshua Knobe & Shaun Nichols (eds.), Experimental Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3--14.
    It used to be a commonplace that the discipline of philosophy was deeply concerned with questions about the human condition. Philosophers thought about human beings and how their minds worked. They took an interest in reason and passion, culture and innate ideas, the origins of people’s moral and religious beliefs. On this traditional conception, it wasn’t particularly important to keep philosophy clearly distinct from psychology, history, or political science. Philosophers were concerned, in a very general way, with questions about how..
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  • (1 other version)Psychologism: a case study in the sociology of philosophical knowledge.Martin Kusch - 1995 - New York: Routledge.
    In the 1890's, when fields such as psychology and philosophy were just emerging, turf wars between the disciplines were common-place. Philosophers widely discounted the possibility that psychology's claim to empirical truth had anything relevant to offer their field. And psychologists, such as the crazed and eccentric Otto Weinegger, often considered themselves philosophers. Freud, it is held, was deeply influenced by his wife, Martha's, uncle, who was also a philosopher. The tension between the fields persisted, until the two fields eventually matured (...)
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  • The folk concept of intentional action: Philosophical and experimental issues.Edouard Machery - 2008 - Mind and Language 23 (2):165–189.
    Recent experimental fi ndings by Knobe and others ( Knobe, 2003; Nadelhoffer, 2006b; Nichols and Ulatowski, 2007 ) have been at the center of a controversy about the nature of the folk concept of intentional action. I argue that the signifi cance of these fi ndings has been overstated. My discussion is two-pronged. First, I contend that barring a consensual theory of conceptual competence, the signifi cance of these experimental fi ndings for the nature of the concept of intentional action (...)
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  • (1 other version)Meaning and synonymy in natural languages.Rudolf Carnap - 1955 - Philosophical Studies 6 (3):33 - 47.
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  • (1 other version)Accentuate the Negative.Joshua Alexander, Ronald Mallon & Jonathan M. Weinberg - 2010 - Review of Philosophy and Psychology 1 (2):297-314.
    Our interest in this paper is to drive a wedge of contention between two different programs that fall under the umbrella of “experimental philosophy”. In particular, we argue that experimental philosophy’s “negative program” presents almost as significant a challenge to its “positive program” as it does to more traditional analytic philosophy.
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  • The Emperor’s New Intuitions.Jaakko Hintikka - 1999 - Journal of Philosophy 96 (3):127-147.
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  • Psychologism.Elliott Sober - 1978 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 8 (July):165-91.
    The end of the nineteenth century is remembered as a time when psychology freed itself from philosophy and carved out an autonomous subject matter for itself. In fact, this time of emancipation was also a time of exile: while the psychologists were leaving, philosophers were slamming the door behind them. Frege is celebrated for having demonstrated the irrelevance of psychological considerations to philosophy. Some of Frege’s reasons for distinguishing psychological questions from philosophical ones were sound, but one of Frege’s most (...)
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  • (1 other version)Accentuate the Negative.Joshua Alexander, Ronald Mallon & Jonathan M. Weinberg - 2013 - In Joshua Knobe & Shaun Nichols (eds.), Experimental Philosophy: Volume 2. New York, US: Oxford University Press USA.
    There are two ways of understanding experimental philosophy's process of appealing to intuitions as evidence for or against philosophical claims: the positive and negative programs. This chapter deals with how the positivist method of conceptual analysis is affected by the results of the negative program. It begins by describing direct extramentalism, semantic mentalism, conceptual mentalism, and mechanist mentalism, all of which argue that intuitions are credible sources of evidence and will therefore be shared. The negative program challenges this view by (...)
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  • (1 other version)Ordinary language.Gilbert Ryle - 1953 - Philosophical Review 62 (2):167-186.
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  • Experimental philosophy and philosophical significance.Joshua Knobe - 2007 - Philosophical Explorations 10 (2):119 – 121.
    Kauppinen argues that experimental philosophy cannot help us to address questions about the semantics of our concepts and that it therefore has little to contribute to the discipline of philosophy. This argument raises fascinating questions in the philosophy of language, but it is simply a red herring in the present context. Most researchers in experimental philosophy were not trying to resolve semantic questions in the first place. Their aim was rather to address a more traditional sort of question, the sort (...)
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  • (1 other version)On the verification of statements about ordinary language.Benson Mates - 1964 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 1 (1-4):161 – 171.
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  • Common-sense And Truth.Arne Ness - 1938 - Theoria 4 (1):39-58.
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  • Paul Grice, philosopher and linguist.Siobhan Chapman - 2005 - New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.
    Paul Grice (1913-1988) is best known for his psychological account of meaning, and for his theory of conversational implicature. This is the first book to consider Grice's work as a whole. Drawing on the range of his published writing, and also on unpublished manuscripts, lectures and notes, Siobhan Chapman discusses the development of his ideas and relates his work to the major events of his intellectual and professional life.
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  • (2 other versions)Communication and Argument. Elements of Applied Semantics.Arne Naess - 1967 - Synthese 17 (1):344-345.
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  • Arne Naess and Empirical Semantics.Siobhan Chapman - 2011 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 54 (1):18-30.
    ABSTRACT This article focuses on Arne Naess's work in the philosophy of language, which he began in the mid-1930s and continued into the 1960s. This aspect of his work is nowadays relatively neglected, but it deserves to be revisited. Firstly, it is intrinsically interesting to the history of analytic philosophy in the twentieth century, because Naess questioned some of the established philosophical methodologies and assumptions of his day. Secondly, it suggests a compelling but unacknowledged intellectual pedigree for some recent developments (...)
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  • On some concepts of pragmatics.Rudolf Carnap - 1955 - Philosophical Studies 6 (6):89 - 91.
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  • Experimental Philosophy.Kwame Anthony Appiah - 2008 - Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 82 (2):7 - 22.
    Some three score years ago, the Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess found himself dissatisfied with “what are called ‘theories of truth’ in philosophical literature.” “The discussion has already lasted some 2500 years,” he wrote. “The number of participants amounts to a thousand, and the number of articles and books devoted to the discussion is much greater.” In this great ocean of words, he went on, the philosophers had often made bold statements about what “the man in the street” or “Das Volk” (...)
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  • Language and empiricism: after the Vienna Circle.Siobhan Chapman - 2008 - New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.
    This book compares attitudes to empiricism in language study from mid-twentieth century philosophy of language and from present-day linguistics. It focuses on responses to the logical positivism of the Vienna Circle, particularly in the work of British philosopher J. L. Austin and the much less well-known work of Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess.
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  • (1 other version)Epistemology and the new way of words.Wilfred Sellars - 1947 - Journal of Philosophy 44 (24):645-660.
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  • Toward a theory of interpretation and preciseness.Arne Naess - 1949 - Theoria 15 (1-3):220-241.
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  • (1 other version)Contextual implication.Isabel C. Hungerland - 1960 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 3 (1-4):211 – 258.
    In this essay, I have rejected the inductive interpretation of the paradigm of contextual implication (to say “p”; is to imply that one believes that ) and proposed in its stead an explicatory model according to which a speaker in making a statement contextually implies whatever one is entitled to infer on the basis of the presumption that his act of stating is normal. In developing this model, I show how contextual implication depends on three distinct matters: a stating context, (...)
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  • Ideal Language Philosophy and Experiments on Intuitions.Sebastian Lutz - 2009 - Studia Philosophica Estonica 2 (2):117-139.
    Proponents of linguistic philosophy hold that all non-empirical philosophical problems can be solved by either analyzing ordinary language or developing an ideal one. I review the debates on linguistic philosophy and between ordinary and ideal language philosophy. Using arguments from these debates, I argue that the results of experimental philosophy on intuitions support linguistic philosophy. Within linguistic philosophy, these experimental results support and complement ideal language philosophy. I argue further that some of the critiques of experimental philosophy are in fact (...)
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  • (2 other versions)Semantics and the Philosophy of Language.Leonard Linsky - 1954 - Philosophy 29 (109):180-181.
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  • Synonymity as revealed by intuition.Arne Naess - 1957 - Philosophical Review 66 (1):87-93.
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  • Logical Empiricism and the Uniqueness of the Schlick Seminar: A Personal Experience with Consequences.Arne Naess - 1993 - Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook 1:11-25.
    In what follows I shall speak about many phenomena, but what I wish to convey more than anything else is a combination of positive aspects of the rightly famous seminar headed by Moritz Schlick the years before he was shot on the stairs of the University of Vienna in 1936. These aspects make the seminar unique. I have taken part in a wealth of good seminars before and after 1936, but my experience as a participant of that seminar makes it, (...)
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  • An attack upon revelation in semantics.Campbell Crockett - 1959 - Journal of Philosophy 56 (3):103-111.
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  • (1 other version)Epistemology and the New Way of Words.Wilfrid Sellars - 1948 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 13 (4):222-223.
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  • Student philosophical opinions: A survey.Haskell Fain & E. F. Kaelin - 1960 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 3 (1-4):137 – 152.
    Opinion surveys were taken in an effort to determine the philosophical beliefs of students beginning philosophy. Correlated sets were made of those who took the survey before and after a first course in philosophy; and opinion shifts noted. The acquired information may be of interest to people in various disciplines. The authors tested the semantic usage of certain epistemological terms, the change in religious beliefs, the degree of consistency between general skepticism and particular knowledge claims. Finally, the authors proposed a (...)
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  • Philosophy of science and science of philosophy.Charles W. Morris - 1935 - Philosophy of Science 2 (3):271-286.
    It is proposed to examine the consequences which ensue if philosophy is deliberately oriented around the methods and results of science. That such reorientation has been more or less unconsciously taking place for centuries is evident; the problem demands particular discussion at this time only because the reorientation has gone so far and with such success as to challenge seriously certain past conceptions of philosophy and to demand of philosophers what, if anything, is left for them to do. For present (...)
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  • Logical equivalence, intentional isomorphism and synonymity as studied by questionnaires.Arne Naess - 1956 - Synthese 10 (1):471 - 479.
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  • Ordinary language in memoriam.Herman Tennessen - 1965 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 8 (1-4):225 – 248.
    Taking as a point of departure a recently published collection of representative contributions from various philosophers who claim to ?proceed from ordinary language?, this article examines ordinary language philosophy in the light of some of the claims made by these philosophers. The claims are criticized mainly for failing to account for the variability of the use of terms in respect both of depth of intention and special contexts. These factors are such as to render the claims in question false when (...)
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  • Arne Naess — Dogmas and Problems of Empiricism.Friedrich Stadler - 2010 - Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook 14:11-31.
    Arne Dekke Eide Naess was born on January 27, 1912 in Oslo. After a long and successful life he passed away on January 12, 2009 in Oslo as the most renowned Norwegian philosopher, where he was honoured with a state funeral. He was one of the most important public figures in Norway and in his later years became known all over the world as a pioneer of the ecological movement. Given this publicity in recent decades his earlier life was forgotten (...)
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  • The Structure of Freedom.Christian Bay - 1961 - Science and Society 25 (1):82-86.
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  • A study of 'or'.Arne Naess - 1961 - Synthese 13 (1):49 - 60.
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  • (1 other version)Husserl on the apodictic evidence of ideal laws.Arne Naess - 1977 - In Jitendranath Mohanty (ed.), Readings on Edmund Husserl's Logical investigations. The Hague: M. Nijhoff. pp. 67--75.
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  • What should we say?Herman Tennessen - 1959 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 2 (1-4):265 – 290.
    Preliminary summaries of a few empirio?semantical investigations1 concerning such sentences as: can we say x, should we ever (ordinarily) say x, x is self?evident (tautological, contradictory, nonsensical), P does not know what be is talking about, x is voluntary (involuntary) and: that is no excuse.
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  • Philosophy and Logical Syntax. [REVIEW]E. N. & Rudolf Carnap - 1935 - Journal of Philosophy 32 (13):357.
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  • (1 other version)Contextual Implication.Isabel C. Hungerland - 1970 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 35 (3):458-458.
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  • Do we know that basic norms cannot be true or false?Arne Naess - 1959 - Theoria 25 (1):31-53.
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  • An Inquiry into the Freedom of Decision.Harald Ofstad - 1961 - Les Etudes Philosophiques 17 (2):275-276.
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  • Democracy in a World of Tensions.Richard Mckeon - 1952 - Philosophy East and West 2 (1):86-88.
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