Upregulation of implicit positive affect (PA) can act as a mechanism to deal with negative affect. Two studies tracked temporal changes in positive and negative affect (NA) assessed by self-report and the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT; Quirin, Kazén, & Kuhl, 2009). Study 1 observed the predicted increases in implicit PA after exposure to a threat-related film clip, which correlated positively with the speed of recognising a happy face among an angry crowd. Study 2 replicated increases in implicit (...) PA after exposition to the same film clip, and showed that such increases were enhanced by priming self-referential stimuli. The findings are discussed against the background of personality systems interaction (PSI) theory (Kuhl, 2000, 2001), which emphasises the role of the implicit self in affect regulation. (shrink)

Wittgenstein finished part 1 of the Philosophical Investigations in the spring of 1945. From 1946 to 1949 he worked on the philosophy of psychology almost without interruption. The present two-volume work comprises many of his writings over this period. Some of the remarks contained here were culled for part 2 of the Investigations ; others were set aside and appear in the collection known as Zettel . The great majority, however, although of excellent quality, have hitherto remained unpublished. This bilingual (...) edition of the Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology presents the first English translation of an essential body of Wittegenstein's work. It elaborates Wittgenstein's views on psychological concepts such as expectation, sensation, knowing how to follow a rule, and knowledge of the sensations of other persons. It also shows strong emphasis on the "anthropological" aspect of Wittgenstein's thought. Philosophers, as well as anthropologists, psychologists, and sociologists will welcome this important publication. (shrink)

Modern emotion theories emphasise the adaptive value of emotions. Emotions are by no means always helpful, however. They often must be regulated. The study of emotion regulation has its origins in the psychoanalytic and stress and coping traditions. Recently, increased interest in emotion regulation has led to crucial boundary ambiguities that now threaten progress in this domain. It is argued that distinctions need to be made between (1) regulation of emotion and regulation by emotion; (2) emotion regulation in self and (...) emotion regulation in others; and (3) conscious and nonconscious emotion regulation. Using a process model of emotion generation, this review considers promising research on basic processes and individual differences in emotion regulation and poses five theoretical challenges. (shrink)

The present article reviews modern research on the psychology of emotion regulation. Emotion regulation determines the offset of emotional responding and is thus distinct from emotional sensitivity, which determines the onset of emotional responding. Among the most viable categories for classifying emotion-regulation strategies are the targets and functions of emotion regulation. The emotion-generating systems that are targeted in emotion regulation include attention, knowledge, and bodily responses. The functions of emotion regulation include satisfying hedonic needs, supporting specific goal pursuits, and facilitating (...) the global personality system. Emotion-regulation strategies are classified in terms of their targets and functions and relevant empirical work is reviewed. Throughout this review, emotion regulation emerges as one of the most far-ranging and influential processes at the interface of cognition and emotion. (shrink)

Was genau sind eigentlich Emotionen und wie unterscheiden sie sich voneinander und von nichtemotionalen Zuständen? Wie entstehen Emotionen? Setzen sie Kognitionen, insbesondere Überzeugungen oder Gedanken, voraus und wenn ja, welche? Gibt es auch nichtkognitive Wege der Emotionsentstehung und wenn ja, welche Bedeutung haben sie? Gibt es unbewusste Emotionen? Welche Funktionen haben die Emotionen – wozu sind sie gut, welche Rolle spielen sie im psychischen System? Wie kann die Erlebensqualität von unterschiedlichen Emotionen, zum Beispiel Freude und Furcht, erklärt werden? Sind die (...) Emotionsmechanismen in der Evolution entstanden oder sind zumindest einige davon oder bestimmte Komponenten davon erlernt? Wie sieht der angeborene Teil des emotionalen Systems genau aus? Was ist der Unterschied zwischen emotionalen Reaktionen auf reale und fiktive Ereignisse, zwischen »Realemotionen« und »Fantasieemotionen«? Wie verhalten sich Emotionen zur Sprache? Wie ist die Beziehung zwischen dem Alltagsverständnis von Emotionen und wissenschaftlichen Emotionstheorien, zwischen Alltagspsychologie und der wissenschaftlichen Psychologie bzw. Philosophie? Dies sind einige der Fragen, die in diesem Band aus philosophischer und psychologisch-kognitionswissenschaftlicher Sicht erörtert werden. Dabei findet sich eine überraschend hohe Übereinstimmung zwischen den Autoren. Einig sind sie sich auch darin, dass die Fragen der Emotionsforschung am besten in interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit gelöst werden können. (shrink)

Attention is automatically allocated to stimuli that are opposite in valence to the current motivational focus (Rothermund, 2003; Rothermund, Voss, & Wentura, 2008). We tested whether this incongruency effect is due to affective–motivational counter-regulation or to an increased salience of stimuli that mismatch with cognitively activated information. Affective processing biases were assessed with a search task in which participants had to detect the spatial position at which a positive or negative stimulus was presented. In the motivational condition, positive or negative (...) affective–motivational states were induced by performance feedback after each trial. In the cognitive activation condition, participants memorised the word “good” or “bad” during the search task. The affective incongruency effect was replicated in the motivational condition, whereas an affective congruency effect obtained in the cognitive activation condition. These findings support an explanation of affective incongruency effects in terms of automatic counter-regulation that is motivational in nature. (shrink)