Recent studies have explored the effectiveness of open-label placebos for a variety of conditions, including chronic pain, cancer-related fatigue and irritable bowel syndrome. OLPs are thought to sidestep traditional ethical worries about placebos because they do not involve deception: with an OLP, patients or subjects are told outright that they are not given an active substance. As deception is framed as the primary hurdle to ethical placebo use, the door is ostensibly opened to ethical studies of OLPs. In this article, (...) I suggest that even though OLPs seemingly do not involve deception, there are other ethical considerations in their clinical investigation and subsequent use. Research ethics often focusses on informed consent—of which, deception and honesty are a piece—as a means to justify research practices with human subjects. Yet, it is but one of the ethical considerations that should be taken into account. With research into placebo effects in particular, I argue that the history of clinical placebo use grounds special considerations for OLP research that go beyond respect for the autonomy of individual patients through informed consent and encompass structural concerns about the type of patient for whom a placebo has historically been thought appropriate. (shrink)

Infants and children are suffering from a lots of nausea and vomiting problems. Doctors, usually face various difficulties dealing with these problems because of their similarities. In this paper, we present an expert system to help users in getting the correct diagnosis of problems of nausea and vomiting in infants and children (Gastro-esophageal reflux, Gastroenteritis, Systemic Infection, Bowel obstruction, Tumors, A bleeding disease, tonsillitis, and Hepatitis pharynx). Furthermore, this expert system provide information about the disease and how to deal with (...) it. SL5 Object expert system language was used to design and implement this expert system. (shrink)

The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane in the body that covers the inner side of the abdominal wall and reflects over the abdominal viscera. Though the visceral peritoneum accounts for roughly four-fifth of the total surface area of the membrane, but the parietal peritoneum is the more important for peritoneal dialysis. Between the parietal and visceral layer of peritoneum there is potential space called peritoneal cavity, contain small amount of serous fluid. If dialysates remain more or less than normal (...) in the peritoneal cavity that may cause edema or hypovolemic shock. Hence transport across the peritoneal membrane need great attention to the nephrologist during dialysis. Solute and water transport from blood to peritoneal cavity by diffusion and osmic ultra-filtration whereas absorption to the blood via lymphatic has negatively affect between these two process. Another important thing that the peritoneum is lined by mesothelium. Therefore, primary complication of peritoneal dialysis is infection due to the presence of a permanent tube in the abdominal cavity. Mortality is higher in the elderly and if present in prolonged time. Peritoneal sclerosis is a fetal complication due to growth of a thick layer of fibrin within the peritoneum, in where every chance of the bowel obstruction. The fluids contain glucose for dialysis use as a primary osmotic agent but this may lead to peritonitis. The decline of kidney and peritoneal membrane function and negative health outcome. It is important to be aware about the sex difference of peritoneal membrane during dialysis. Retrograded menstruation may occur in any women as there is continuity of peritoneal membrane with the fallopian tube. If goes undetected will cause bloody dialysate and create concern of the patients. Therefore, anatomy of peritoneal membrane and its function has great value during peritoneal dialysis and thereby effecting its therapeutic efficacy. (shrink)

This article engages with the changing perspective regarding the role that contradiction plays in cultivating emancipatory praxis; a curiously novel endeavor, which is to be considered an offspring of the German idealistic tradition, having Hegel as its procreator. Here, my intention is to think through an impasse that is embedded in the bowels of dialectical thinking. While McGowan is adamantly advocating contradiction in the name of emancipation, there is an imposing realm left untouched if abridged to just this. As a (...) (ontological) deadlock, emancipation has to be thought as immanently tied to language, which is in Hegel’s mind the purest speculative form. Furthermore, in contrast to the contemporary use of speculation as a financial practice, Hegel regards the commitment to a speculative spirit as thinking in the terms of a life worth less than meaning. It is at this conjuncture that I, on one hand, accordingly aim to broaden the debate on emancipation through an unfolding of the framework of contradiction itself, and on the other, to distill the process according to which language is able to form thoughts from empty words. (shrink)