The protracted history of consuming carbon-based energy sources in Iran culminated in 1908 with the momentous discovery of the inaugural oil field in Masjed Soleyman. This newfound carbon-based source not only brought a lot of revenues to Iran but also, brought forth a multitude of materialities like pipelines, roads, bridges, refinery factories, tankers, and rigs into Iran. This new materiality exerted a profound influence on the perception and imagination of Iranians, particularly Iranian artists. Consequently, carbon permeated diverse manifestations within Iranian (...) artworks assuming various artistic approaches; in other words, carbon was inevitably introduced into aesthetics. Serendipitously, the ascension of Reza Shah Pahlavi to power in Iran almost coincided with the discovery of oil. Reza Shah and his successor, Mohammadreza Shah, sought to position themselves as a novel international force governing a "developed" nation for which they needed to lubricate the production-consumption cycle in Iran. To achieve this objective, they championed extensive governmental propagandas that celebrated carbon-based consumerism, and with that, they introduced aesthetics into carbon. Drawing inspiration from Walter Benjamin's notions “politicizing aesthetic” and “aestheticizing politics” and insisting that in Iran, oil/carbon is politics, this paper aims to historicize the process of carbonization of aesthetics in Iranian art realm on the one hand, and aestheticization of carbon in governmental propaganda on the other hand. This paper focuses on visual ideologies in visual artworks, including architecture, painting, and sculpture in the artwork realm and postal stamps, postcards, and paper moneys, on the other hand. (shrink)

The phenomenon of parental care shared through social media (sharenting) is increasingly widespread. This research aimed to elaborate on the motives, strategies, and psychological effects of sharenting by millennial parents. This research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The subjects are millennial parents who have a habit of sharing parenting on social media and are members of the professional community. Determination of the sample uses purposive sampling so that as many as ten people consisted of five females and five (...) males. Interviews, observations, and documentation are the methods used in data collection. Data were analyzed using reduction techniques, data presentation, and verification. The results showed that the motive of sharenting parents is to receive affirmation and social support, demonstrate the ability to care for children, social participation, and documentation. Millennial parents with a peer-oriented communication model do Sharenting. Sharenting for millennial parents has both positive and negative impacts, namely by providing new information and knowledge, making new friends, and support. The negative effects include feeling insecure, comparing her child with someone else's child, causing animosity and dissent. Thus, it can be concluded that sharenting by millennial parents is carried out with a variety of motives, carried out with a peer approach strategy, and has both positive and negative impacts at the same time. The implication is that millennial parents are more knowledgeable about parenting, understand good sharenting, and are psychologically trained in responding to netizens for their sharenting. (shrink)

Sustainable dwelling is a mental concept, yet it should meet the physical and emotional requirements of humans for living. Therefore, only those sites in which human needs are satisfied can be regarded as sustainable dwelling. Iranian traditional houses with their genuine characteristics are still something to be desired. In these houses the courtyard is the heart of the structure and at the same time it is counted as its organizing principle. Hence, understanding the function of the courtyard leads us to (...) an understanding of the purpose of the whole building. This paper argues that the traditional Iranian courtyards are a materialization of the concept of sustainable dwelling. Moreover, the writer contends that probing into the courtyard for the concept of sustainable dwelling has the added advantage of shedding light on a solution to palliate life conditions in contemporary modern houses of Iran. To this aim the courtyards of three famous houses in Kashan, Iran during the Qajar dynasty, namely Borujerdiha house, Tabatabe'i house and Saleh house are examined as the closest historical examples to our modern world. This study the writer aims to provide a local definition for the concept of sustainable dwelling and second to suggest a practical solution by which to reach an ideal state of life in the contemporary world. (shrink)

Pengambilan Keputusan selama beberapa dekade mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat. Sehingga dapat merubah sudut pandang kehidupan. Keputusan memiliki makna pilihan. Teori keputusan filosofis berakar pada studi penalaran praktis. Teori keputusan membantu epistemologi dalam mempelajari keyakinan rasional dan membantu etika dalam mempelajari tindakan, tujuan, dan karakter yang baik. Teori keputusan berkembang pada abad ke-20 karena karya Frank Ramsey, Bruno de Finetti, Leonard Savage, Richard Jeffrey. Kemudian, terdapat aliran-aliran teori mengenai pengambilan keputusan, diantaranya utilitarisme (Betham, 1748-1832; Mill, 1806-1873), deontology (Broad, 2014), hedonism (...) (Bertens, 2002), dan Eudemonisme. Keputusan tidak lepas dari rasionalisme, irasionalisme, intuisi, pengalaman, fakta, wewenang. (shrink)

Pengambilan Keputusan selama beberapa dekade mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat. Sehingga dapat merubah sudut pandang kehidupan. Keputusan memiliki makna pilihan. Teori keputusan filosofis berakar pada studi penalaran praktis. Teori keputusan membantu epistemologi dalam mempelajari keyakinan rasional dan membantu etika dalam mempelajari tindakan, tujuan, dan karakter yang baik. Teori keputusan berkembang pada abad ke-20 karena karya Frank Ramsey, Bruno de Finetti, Leonard Savage, Richard Jeffrey. Kemudian, terdapat aliran-aliran teori mengenai pengambilan keputusan, diantaranya utilitarisme (Betham, 1748-1832; Mill, 1806-1873), deontology (Broad, 2014), hedonism (...) (Bertens, 2002), dan Eudemonisme. Keputusan tidak lepas dari rasionalisme, irasionalisme, intuisi, pengalaman, fakta, wewenang. (shrink)