What is unique about art genres? In this paper, I will show that genres are best understood as clusters of regulative rules for appreciation. Evaluation, interpretation, and other appreciative responses to a work of art are sensitive to how the work is categorised, and genres are the categories that play a normative role in this context. Genres as rules have social foundations and arise from a speech act that I distinguish from classification and call framing. Based on this account, I (...) will illustrate genre practices as social practices in which we declare and propose rules of appreciation to each other. (shrink)

It is widely acknowledged that categories play significant roles in the appreciation of artworks. This paper argues that the correct categories of artworks are institutionally established through social processes. Section 1 examines the candidates for determining correct categories and proposes that this question should shift the focus from category membership to appreciative behaviour associated with categories. Section 2 draws on Francesco Guala’s theory of institutions to show that categories of artworks are established as rules-in-equilibrium. Section 3 reviews the explanatory benefits (...) of this institutional theory of the correct category. [Winner of the 2022 Debates in Aesthetics Essay Prize]. (shrink)

La cobertura universal de salud está en el centro de la acción actual para fortalecer los sistemas de salud y mejorar el nivel y la distribución de la salud y los servicios de salud. Este documento es el informe fi nal del Grupo Consultivo de la OMS sobre la Equidad y Cobertura Universal de Salud. Aquí se abordan los temas clave de la justicia (fairness) y la equidad que surgen en el camino hacia la cobertura universal de salud. Por lo (...) tanto, el informe es pertinente para cada agente que infl uye en ese camino y en particular para los gobiernos, ya que se encargan de supervisar y guiar el progreso hacia la cobertura universal de salud. (shrink)

This report from the WHO Consultative Group on Equity and Universal Health Coverage offers advice on how to make progress fairly towards universal health coverage.

This dissertation examines the practice of categorizing works of art and its relationship to art criticism. How a work of art is categorized influences how it is appreciated and criticized. Being frightening is a merit for horror, but a demerit for lullabies. The brushstrokes in Monet's "Impression, Sunrise" (1874) look crude when seen as a Neoclassical painting, but graceful when seen as an Impressionist painting. Many of the judgments we make about artworks are category-dependent in this way, but previous research (...) has rarely examined in depth the ontological structure of art categories, how they are generated and maintained, and how they function. This dissertation fills this gap. The proposal of this dissertation can be summarized as follows. Categories (especially genres) should be analyzed as clusters of rules that regulate the responses and behaviors of agents in the artworld. The visual mundaneness is a critical reason to consider Duchamp's "Comb" (1916) provocative, given the existence of the readymade as a set of rules that justifies such reasoning. The critical and appreciative practice of which categorization is a part is a social practice of making, declaring, proposing, reforming, and developing rules of appreciation. How we appreciate artworks, and how criticism guides our appreciation, is sensitive to how we categorize artworks. How we categorize artworks is sensitive to what categories have been set up in our community and which categories are active regarding each artwork. (shrink)

Amid escalating climate crises, an increasing number of scholars contend that prevailing approaches to climate action are fundamentally inadequate. In her commentary “Beyond Climate Isolationism,” Jennie C. Stephens (2022) critiques the dominant paradigm of climate isolationism—a perspective that frames climate change as a narrowly defined technical challenge, solvable primarily through carbon reduction targets and engineering innovations.

Urban green areas, such as parks, forests, and wetlands, play a crucial dual role in cities by supporting biodiversity and providing spaces for recreation and human well-being. However, as urban areas continue to grow and densify, achieving a balance between conserving nature and ensuring fair access to green spaces becomes increasingly challenging. A recent study by Jalkanen et al. (2025) examined how the Helsinki metropolitan region could address this dilemma by safeguarding both biodiversity and equitable recreational opportunities for its residents.

In environmental decision-making, accurately assessing the value of nature’s services—such as clean water, biodiversity, and scenic landscapes—is essential. However, many of these values are considered “non-market,” meaning they are not traded in traditional markets and therefore lack explicit prices. A recent study by Pannell et al. (2025) introduces a systematic framework to evaluate when it is worthwhile to conduct a non-market valuation (NMV) study and which valuation method is likely to yield the greatest net benefit, depending on the specific decision (...) context. (shrink)

Shrimp is one of Malaysia’s leading aquaculture exports and a vital component of global food security. Yet, the industry is facing an escalating and often overlooked challenge—antimicrobial resistance (AMR). According to a recent review by Natrah et al. (2025), the extensive and, at times, indiscriminate use of antibiotics in shrimp farming has fueled the emergence of bacteria that no longer respond to conventional treatments, posing serious threats to shrimp production, human health, animal welfare, and environmental integrity.

Trong việc ra quyết định về môi trường, việc đánh giá chính xác giá trị của các dịch vụ tự nhiên – như nước sạch, đa dạng sinh học và cảnh quan đẹp – là rất cần thiết.

Các khu vực xanh của đô thị như công viên, rừng và đất ngập nước, đóng vai trò kép quan trọng trong các thành phố bằng cách hỗ trợ đa dạng sinh học và cung cấp không gian cho giải trí và phúc lợi của con người. Tuy nhiên, khi các khu vực đô thị tiếp tục phát triển và mật độ dân cư tăng lên, việc đạt được sự cân bằng giữa bảo tồn thiên nhiên và đảm bảo khả (...) năng tiếp cận công bằng với không gian xanh ngày càng trở nên khó khăn. Một nghiên cứu gần đây của Jalkanen và cộng sự (2025) đã xem xét cách khu vực đô thị Helsinki có thể giải quyết tình thế khó xử này bằng cách bảo vệ cả đa dạng sinh học và các cơ hội giải trí công bằng cho cư dân của mình. (shrink)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death among women worldwide, and recent trends have raised concerns, particularly due to a stagnation in the decline of CVD incidence among younger women. Healthcare workers, who are predominantly women, face a combination of occupational hazards—such as night shift work, psychological stress, and chemical exposure—that may quietly contribute to this burden. A recent study from the Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII) provides new and compelling evidence by identifying a link between long-term occupational (...) exposure to disinfectants and an elevated risk of CVD among United States nurses. (shrink)

Giữa bối cảnh các cuộc khủng hoảng khí hậu ngày càng gia tăng, ngày càng có nhiều học giả cho rằng các cách tiếp cận hiện hành đối với hành động khí hậu về cơ bản là không đầy đủ. Trong bài bình luận của mình, Jennie C. Stephens (2025) phê phán mô hình thống trị của chủ nghĩa biệt lập khí hậu (climate isolationism) – một quan điểm coi biến đổi khí hậu là một thách thức kỹ thuật được (...) xác định hẹp hòi, chủ yếu có thể giải quyết thông qua các mục tiêu giảm phát thải carbon và các đổi mới kỹ thuật. (shrink)

Smallholder farmers—those cultivating less than two hectares—account for 84% of farms globally. Despite managing just 11% of the world’s farmland, they produce 35% of global food supplies, underscoring their vital contribution to food security [2]. Yet, in many developing regions, these farmers face growing pressures as average farm sizes continue to shrink due to population growth, land fragmentation, and limited economic opportunities beyond agriculture [3].

Objective: Lung cancer is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality. Platinum-based chemotherapy, which is the primary line of treatment, offers limited benefit due to drug resistance and side effects. Berberine (BBR), which is characterised by its potent and safe anticancer activity, represents a promising combination option in chemotherapy. To overcome the limitations in lung cancer chemotherapy, we investigated whether BBR and cisplatin (CIS) exert synergistic effects on non-small cell lung cancer cell line (A549) based on cytotoxicity and apoptotic (...) response markers. -/- Methods: The potential cytotoxic effects of the combination treatment were evaluated using the MTT and Chou-Talalay methods. Elisa assays were also performed to measure the levels of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and the effector protein caspase (Cas)-3. -/- Results: The results showed that BBR alone reduced A549 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and synergized with CIS (CI =0.34±0.05 at IC50 concentrations). Elisa results showed that the combined treatment (both at IC50 concentrations) modulated apoptotic signalling pathways in A549 cells. Bax and Cas3 protein levels were dramatically enhanced in A549 cells treated with CIS +BBR compared to control (0.5% DMSO) (p < 0.001). -/- Conclusion: Our results suggest that BBR can synergistically enhance the therapeutic effect of CIS in A549 cells. The potential therapeutic efficacy of BBR as part of a combination in current chemotherapy should be supported by in-depth research and clinical studies on the molecular mechanisms associated with cancer. (shrink)

Abstract— In parallel to developing technology, demand for more energy makes us seek new energy sources. Wind and solar energy are the most popular ones owing to their abundance, ease of availability and convertibility to electric energy. This work covers realization of a hybrid renewable energy system. The scheme involves conversion of solar power and wind power into usable electrical energy using solar panel and by designing a wind turbine with appropriate calculations and specifications. Battery in this system is charged (...) by both solar and wind power, the DC output is then converted to AC using an inverter and fed to the load. The idea of water conservation through rain water collection and storage with the use of solar panel is also implemented. The main aim of the design is to create a system suitable to provide continuous power by utilization of non-conventional energy resources and making use of the additional advantage of the solar panel in the conservation of water. Power resources and load in the system are monitored and controlled in real time. (shrink)

Decentralising Bengaluru Urban -The Regional Planning way -/- Author / Authors : Priyadarshini Sen Page no.139 -148 Discipline : Applied Economics/ Management/ Commerce/Geography Script/language : Roman/English Category : Research paper Keywords: Regional Planning, Metropolis, Social wellbeing, Settlement.

Nông hộ nhỏ—những hộ canh tác dưới 2 ha đất—chiếm đến 84% tổng số trang trại trên toàn thế giới.