In the article of Bystrytska E. «Eastern policy of the Vatican»: methodological and practical aspects of research», the study examines the extent to problems in the works of ukrainian and foreign scientists, as well as an overview of the source base served.

Ukrainian Protestantism characterized by an eastern and western traditions that allows to recover cultural and theological relationship with European Protestantism and Catholicism in the context of interfaith dialogue. Dialogue has an ecumenical potential which was found by Ukrainian Maidan of dignity.

Unbiased actual perception of reality leads to public understanding of multidimensionality of knowledge about civil participation and party-civil interaction. The phenomenon of the party in power that exists in the post-Soviet space and in many Asian and African countries, defines the specific relationship between the party leadership and the party masses. Hence the real impact on public opinion of political parties is not due to ideological positions, but only situational and opportunistic maintenance task needs political leaders. The confused reasoning of (...) party spectrum and the large number of political parties also prompted widespread uncertainty of their electoral support and membership. Because only little number of parties at the beginning of democratic reforms, particularly in modern Ukraine, contributed to their insignificant impact on the formation of internal democracy. Depending on the support of the media in transitive political systems later turned mass membership growth processes that contributed to the formation of deeper party identity within society and the formation of the special position of local branches of the party leadership for action. Party-civil cooperation as a partnership in which community groups receive information and support from political forces implemented to a limited extent, since the whole internal organization of political parties as political subject subordinated to technological imperatives. The appearance of specific political forces that have no formal registration with certain ideological positions and proposals for social development, which are the sign of the modern functioning of party-civil interaction in public opinion transitional society. Political subjectivity of civil associations is limited and temporary while parties are leading exponents of social interests at the political level. An important area of structural differentiation of civil public in the society stable democracy is the emergence of public awareness levels and new forms of public political action. In these processes is crucial the influence of political parties on public opinion. In a competitive political system, political parties are forming public opinion on the base of political messages competition and technologies of public interest attraction to the life of the parties. This means the appropriate level of quality and professionalism in the work of party organizations. The Central and Eastern European countries that have successfully passed the way from paternalistic authoritarian care of the public to use its potential within the implementation of the reforms worked out experience with targeted government policies to stimulate the development of politically active civil society. Modern Ukraine is an example of where political parties that received powers are often treated with contempt of his political opponents. These examples slow formation of political pluralism in modern Ukraine and create the ground for the growth of radicalization and extremist manifestations. Therefore, in addition to liberal values and rules of conduct in relations of political parties and public organizations should cultivate respect for democratic procedures and constitutional rules of the political process. Providing of competitive advantage in the struggle for political power can be achieved either by political manipulation and violence that can be seen in the events of 2004 and 2013 – 2014 in Ukraine. However, in order of consolidating society the rooting tolerance and mutual respect as fundamental principles of behavior of political actors. Only political cooperation priority rules on temporary political considerations can provide long-term civil peace and harmony in Ukrainian society. Thus, the liberal paradigm of post-communist transformation creates sufficient legal, theoretical and ideological foundations for the consolidation of society. However, practical directions volunteer party-civil interaction need further development. However, at the present stage, there are positive examples of NGO involvement in the activities of political parties. This joint development program regulations, collecting information about the needs and attitudes of citizens. Further consolidation of Ukrainian society and strengthening of its democratic potential can be achieved only with nurturing of voluntary cooperation between party entities that embody the principles of political competition and public institutions that embody imperative interests of society. (shrink)

Статтю присвячено дослідженню глобальної та національної проблематики безробіття. Висвітлено чинники та тенденції безробіття у світовій економіці. Визначено сучасний стан та основні проблеми, які формують рівень безробіття в Україні. Запропоновано заходи щодо зменшення рівня безробіття та оптимізації структури зайнятості.

This article analyzes the concept of defective democracy by German political scientist Wolfgang Merkel. Its development was caused by the need for a clearer distinction of new imperfect democracies, on the one hand, from the liberal constitutional democracies, and on the other hand, from autocracies, that mask their identity by democratic façade. The author pays attention to some incorrect interpretations of this concept, namely: the inter- pretation of defective democracies as the only transitive mode; the treatment of them as a (...) specific kind of authoritarian regimes; the spread of this concept to all forms of hybrid regimes. The author analyzes in the detail the essence of this concept, relying on the works of the founders He emphasizes that the defects of democratic governance are of constitutional and legal nature and they are detected by comparing the imperfect democracies to established lib- eral democracies that within this concept are defined as «embedded». Democracy defects are deviations from the standards of democratic governance, copied from the current po- litical system of liberal constitutional democracies. The political regimes with such defects are identified as defective democracies. The article examines the subtypes of defective democracies, namely: Exclusive democracy that excludes some groups and/or individuals from the demo- cratic electoral system; Enclave democracy under which certain segments of democratic governance are con- trolled by private forces; Illiberal democracy, within which there are some violations of group rights and indi- vidual freedoms in favor of the social majority; Delegative democracy which violates the system of checks and balances and the ex- ecutive takes precedence over legislative and judicial. However, the regimes with such deficiencies remain democracies, if the significant defects are only part of regime, but not penetrating it through, denying the very meaning of democratic governance. Simultaneously, democratic defects in one partial regime to some extent are reflected also on the other, impairing the democratic functioning of the entire political regime. Finally, the author concludes that this concept is of great theoretical value for the reform of the modern Ukrainian political system. He stresses that a thorough analysis of the Ukrainian political system’s shortcomings in the context of a defective democracy concept is one of important tasks for the national political science. (shrink)

The discrete–structural structure of the world is described. In comparison with the idea of Heraclitus about an indissoluble world, preference is given to the discrete world of Democritus. It is noted that if the discrete atoms of Democritus were simple and indivisible, the atoms of the modern world indicated in the article would possess, rather, a structural structure. The article proves the problem of how the mutual connection of mathematics and philosophy influences cognition, which creates a discrete–structural worldview. The author (...) notes that the appearance of writing, symbolic language and the depiction of the picture of the world through mathematics, led us into the sphere of discrete mathematical mathematics. (shrink)

У статті проаналізовано кириличний рукопис богословської праці Йоана Дамаскіна з фондів Національної бібліотеки України імені В.І. Вернадського. Пам’ятка походить зі збірки Києво-Софійського монастиря, давно введена у науковий обіг і відома дослідникам. Підготовку редакції твору, що постала внаслідок доповнення тексту за латинським та грецьким виданням, пов’язують з волинським гуртком російського емігранта князя А.М. Курбського в Миляновичах чи в Ковелі, і вона отримала статус одного з нечисленних автографів цього книжного осередка. Рукопис написано кількома канцелярськими курсивними почерками, характерними для тогочасної руськомовної ділової документації (...) з українських теренів. Пам’ятка містить сліди редакційної, перекладацької і коментаторської роботи в незавершеній стадії. Комплекс її кодикологічних, текстологічних і філігранологічних ознак насуває питання про ще один книжний осередок 1570-х — 1580-х рр., вірогідно, на волинських теренах, відмінний від гуртка Курбського, учасники якого займалися перекладом і редагуванням найпопулярніших богословських праць. Було здійснено спробу зблизити рукопис за характером написання з канцелярською документацією, зокрема, з Володимирськими ґродськими книгами, а також виявити інші рукописні пам’ятки, близькі до нього за тематикою, часом та формою написання. У ширшому контексті дослідження особливостей рукопису Йоана Дамаскіна та інших пам’яток спонукає до постановки питання про те, чи не постали ці тексти в процесі функціонування тогочасних освітніх осередків у канцелярському середовищі. (shrink)

The article considers the history of implementation and evolution of Accusatory theology in the Kyiv Theological Academy. The author shows the place where the controversy with other religions and other Christian denominations took place in the curriculum of the Kyiv Theological Academy after the introduction of the Statute of the religious schools of 1808–1814 in Kyiv. The article deals with the content of the lecture courses of Archbishop Smaragd, Archimandrite Antonin, Bishop Sylvester, Philip Ternovsky, and Bishop Augustine. The author shows (...) that the Accusatory theology was not an independent academic discipline at first, but it was part of the general course of theology. For the first time, lectures on accusatory theology were given in Kyiv in 1823. On the recommendation of the Commission of theological schools, teachers of this discipline were to use the book of the German Lutheran theologian Johann Ernst Schubert «Institutionum Theologiae polemicae» during the preparation of lectures. Comparison of this book with the lectures of hieromonk Smaragd shows that the work of the German theologian was used by the Kyiv teacher quite selectively. Next, the article shows how in the following decades the content of the course of accusatory theology varied, depending on the general situation in theological education in the Russian Empire. In particular, the changes that took place in the curriculum of the Kyiv Theological Academy in the 1840’s were characterized on the initiative of the Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod, Mykola Protasov. The author drew attention to the personal preferences of professors who found a reflection in their curriculum in Accusatory theology. In particular, Bishop Sylvester in his course substantially expanded the controversy with the latest philosophical currents that opposed Christianity. Instead, Philip Ternovsky and Bishop Augustine actively used the historical method, resulting in their courses representing the history of the controversy of the Orthodox Church with its various opponents. In the 1860’s, when a large-scale reform of theological education was being prepared in the Russian Empire, the idea of a radical revision of the accusatory theology teaching concept was heard at the Kyiv Theological Academy. At the same time, some professors even advocated the abolition of accusatory theology as an independent discipline and for joining it to the course of church history. Special attention is paid to the fact that the courses of accusatory theology in the Kyiv Theological Academy in the nineteenth century were based on typical contemporary ecclesiology and soteriology of that time. The purpose of the course was seen not in the equal dialogue with opponents, but in revealing their mistakes and attempts to convert them to the Orthodox Church. Article received 03.07.2019. (shrink)

The article contains first complete and systematic analysis of the studies devoted to dogmatics and liturgy, the history and the modern state of Catholicism published by Kyiv Theological Academy professors and pupils in the journal “Trudy Kievskoi dukhovnoi akademii” starting from the 1860s to the beginning of 1900s. This paper considers the main problems, themes, ideas which became the subject of interest of the Kyiv thinkers in studying this Christian denomination as well as highlights the specificity of the approach of (...) the authors to certain aspects of the issue raised in the articles. The main directions of research on Catholicism are singled out, and an attempt is made to give a characteristic to each of these directions: 1) researches of dogmatic and canonical principles of the Catholic Church ; 2) history of Catholicism – history of cathedrals, papacy, missionary and educational activity of monastic orders in Western European and Ukrainian territories and at the same time the history of certain prominent personalities of Catholicism ; 3) review and assessment of the religious life of Western Europe in the middle of the 19th – early 20th centuries through the prism of important events within the Catholic Church. Consideration of the journal publications allows author to conclude that they present a rather fruitful experience of comprehending one of the most influential religious traditions of the Western Catholicism. (shrink)

During the Soviet-German war, the Soviet upper party leadership of the USSR decided to unify state religious policy, leading the movement to unite various Protestant organizations into a single governing spiritual center of the six churches. The secular atheist power sought to fully subdue all religious movements in the USSR in order to establish full control over the believing population of the Soviet Union and the spiritual sphere of life of Soviet citizens. Not all believers liked this prospect, and they (...) tried to resist this "unbelievers" pressure. (shrink)

In modern humanities, the notion of "new religiosity", as well as language constructs related to it - "unconventional religiosity", "new religions", "new religious consciousness", "new religious movements", etc., has become widespread. The phenomenon of unconventional religiosity is a characteristic feature of the spiritual life of society, which is understood to mean the spread of doctrines that are not related to traditional religions. In cultural studies, such doctrines have different names, namely: "extra-religious religiosity", "secular humanism", "esoteric culture", that is, intended for (...) the consecrated, "rebellious spiritual quest". However, not always these terms accurately reflect the essence of the phenomenon. (shrink)

The study of Orthodox Yugoslavs at the Kyiv Theological Academy during 1900-1918 was a continuation of the tradition laid down in previous centuries by the priority acquisition of higher education in the southern territories of the Russian territory.. Not only the Yugoslavs studied at the Kiev Academy, but also the Bulgarians, Romanians, Syrians, Czechs, Greeks and other Orthodox foreigners. However, when choosing an educational institution, these students tried to choose the ones that were on the territory of Ukraine. Officially, this (...) position was explained by warm climates that more closely resembled their native nature. However, the positive comments that spread abroad about South Russian educational institutions were also important. That is why the Yugoslavs studied mainly in Kyiv, Kharkiv and Odessa educational institutions. At the beginning of the twentieth century. the teaching of foreigners on the territory of the Russian Empire The Russian Orthodox Church and government officials continued to attach great importance. Authorities have increased control over all areas of study of foreign students. Special attention was paid to the Orthodox Slavs. (shrink)

Position, values, activity of the highest Orthodox clergy, monasteries, monasticism in the era of numerous interstate wars, Cossack uprisings of the 20 - 30s of the 18th century, National Liberation War of 1648 - 1654, Pereyaslav council, and its succession that coincided with dramatic transformations on the European continent, a profound change of borders in Central and Eastern Europe, in the light of the present factual completeness and the possibility of scientific objective assessments, prove to be complex, multi-vector, and often (...) synchronous with many sociopolitical processes and diplomatic movements and, in general, far from the given unambiguous, straightforward or spiral "procedural", which the position of the Orthodox Church, monasteries or monks in the national liberation competitions in the Ukrainian lands. until recently. (shrink)

Review of Westerhoff, J.. The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Проаналізовано суть інформаційно-технологічної та гуманістичної парадигми ідеології інформаційного суспільства, викликаної новими тенденціями інформатизації. Відмічається, що нова інформаційно-технологічна та гуманістична парадигми ідеології інформаційного суспільства визначаються необхідністю узагальнення теоретичного і практичного досвіду інформатизації, що дозволяє визначити координати формування ідеології інформаційного суспільства. Головна мета наукового дослідження – концептуалізація інформаційно-технологічної та гуманістичної парадигми ідеології інформаційного суспільства доби глобалізації та інформаційної революції. У статті проаналізовано ознаки сучасної цивілізації, що сприяли формуванню ідеології інформаційного суспільства; розкрито місце і роль когнітаріату та проаналізовано дві моделі ідеології інформаційного суспільства: (...) технократичну та гуманістичну. Результат дослідження: технократичнй шлях формування ідеології інформаційного суспільства має міцну підтримку зі сторони економічної та політичної еліти. Водночас є загроза стати заручником техногенної реальності. Гуманістична модель ідеології інформаційного суспільства протистоїть дегуманізованим технологіям заради збереження природної і культурної самобутності. Наукова новизна дослідження: ці два типи ідеології інформаційного суспільства у вітчизняній сучасній філософії ще не проаналізовано. Висновок: Україна відстає від західних країн у розвитку інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій, серед причин чого слід виділити інформаційну закритість, недостатньо розвинуту інформаційну інфраструктуру, відсутність ідеології інформаційного суспільства, політичні та соціально-економічні умови, що стримують розвиток інформаційної інфраструктури. (shrink)

In this article, the author explores one of the avenues through which the experiences of the European biblical studies were implemented in the Kyiv Theological Academy in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. For the first time, the critical bibliographic reviews of biblical research works written by foreign scholars are being examined as a genre. In the comments and reviews made by the KTA professors, we observe a critical analysis of the experiences related to rationalistic and (...) orthodox apologetic trends as represented in foreign biblical studies, as well as a quest for conceptual and methodological allies in support of the Orthodox biblical apologetic perspective. These critical reviews represent a valuable asset indicating that the Kyiv theological academic studies had been incorporated in the global dimension of academic biblical studies. The broad range of subjects addressed in the reviews as well as their regularity and frequency testify to intensive professional communication within the theological academic community. In addition, the texts demonstrate the degree the Kyiv academics perceived the global issues and trends, the responses of scholars to methodological and conceptual challenges, and their perception of various hermeneutical models. The article specifies the stages in which the genre of review evolved from 1860s to early 1900s. From the key structural elements of the entire body of reviews and critical articles, the author distinguishes reviews of the Old Testament and New Testament studies in such thematic areas as isagogics, theology, exegesis, historical criticism, textual criticism, study of biblical languages, geography, archeology, history, chronology, and comparative studies of religion and culture. The subject areas of the reviews and critical articles specifically indicate significant development in the European biblical studies. (shrink)