The Purpose is to investigate the legal cultural phenomenon in the riches of the contours of its essence, raising the level of this phenomenon as part of the system of determinants of the optimization of ideology of state-building in modern Ukraine. Methodology. The study is based on the principles of materialist dialectics and the principles of historicism, social determinism, complexity. The scientific novelty. The cultural and legal factors of optimization of the ideology of state-building are conceptually considered for the first (...) time in modern Ukraine; three methodological points that should be targeted in the definition of «legal culture» are outlined; the definition of legal culture is improved; a working template program of improvement and increase of the level of legal culture in contemporary Ukrainian society is developed; four key conceptual areas of the program are outlined. Conclusions. Legal culture can be defined as a separate category to mark the legal system which was historically formed and the institutions of a state-organized society that are correlated with it, and also the legal knowledge and motives, forms, techniques and methods of legal activities, values, estimates with the necessity inherent to every people, class, nation, community groups, to the individual person at a certain stage of their development. Rise of the level of legal awareness is one of the leading systematic factors, cultural and code keys to optimizing the development of state-building ideology in the conditions of today's Ukraine. The program for the improvement and enhancement of legal culture in contemporary Ukrainian society is composed of four major conceptual areas: the growth of basic legal literacy; the rise of their legal awareness; the increase of theoretical justification of the existing legal reality, the prospects for its future development, the increase of the efficiency of the legal theory; progressive formation of legal ideology. (shrink)

В монографии представлены несколько смысловых блоков, связанных с восприятием и интерпретацией человеком исторического бытия. Ранние греческие мыслители пытались получить доступ к исходникам (началам) бытия, и эти интенции легли в основу научного знания, а также привели к появлению метафизики. В классической (и в неклассической) метафизике за основу была принята догма Пифагора и Платона о неизменности подлинной реальности, из чего следовало отрицание бытийного характера времени. Автор монографии отказывается от этой догмы и предлагает стратегию обновления метафизики и перехода ее к новому — постнеклассическому (...) — этапу. Поскольку трансформационный потенциал реальности наиболее явно представлен в историческом становлении, авторская стратегия реализуется в метафизике истории. При этом выявляются начала истории, в каком качестве выступают «дух», «культурно-историческая матрица» и «метафизический проект организации бытия» («онтологический проект»). Исследуются формы и механизмы «работы» человека с прошлым, обсуждаются вопросы, связанные с постижением логики исторического процесса, а также с ролью (творческой) личности в истории. Анализируются причины цивилизационных кризисов и очерчиваются возможные пути их разрешения, предлагается метафизическая интерпретация социальных и военных конфликтов. Завершает исследование рассмотрение трансформации человеческого естества под влиянием информационных, био- и нанотехнологий. (shrink)

The article traces origins of the contradiction that calls into being the polemics on the moral status of duties to close persons. Special obligations are created by the unique life narrative of an actor that makes different recipients of her actions more or less distant. Those who are less distant are “close ones.” Those who are more distant are “strangers.” The basis of this distance can be different: individual sympathy, consanguinity, belonging to cultural, territorial and political communities. Special obligations presuppose (...) that the preferential treatment of “close ones” is not only permissible but obligatory. This feature of moral duties to close persons makes moral philosophers suspicious because they are prone to endow moral requirements with two interrelated properties: universality and the high level of generality. The main reason for this is that the typical moral duty is a duty of every human being to another human being without any further qualifications. Against the background of such duties, any preference to close persons looks like the breach of moral equality and manifestation of impermissible partiality. Though, common moral beliefs persistently include special obligations in the whole system of moral duty. R. Goodin thinks that they have a priority over positive general duties and yield to negative general duties. The empirical researches of moral evaluations which reviewed in this article in general confirm this conclusion. The ethical theory cannot ignore fundamental features of common moral beliefs. That is why it is doomed to look for ways of reconciling the moral equality and impartiality with the preferential treatment of close persons embedded into special obligations. (shrink)

In this paper, I analyzed the discussion on the principle of universalizability which took place in moral philosophy in 1970–1980s. In short, I see two main problems that attracted more attention than others. The first problem is an opposition of universalizability and generalization. M.G. Singer argued for generalization argument, and R.M. Hare defended universalizability thesis. Hare tried to refute Singer’s position, using methods of ordinary language philosophy, and claimed that in ethics generalization is useless and misleading. I have examined Singer’s (...) defense and concluded that he was right and Hare was mistaken. Consequently, generalization argument is better in clarification of the relationship between universality and morality than Hare’s doctrine of universalizability, and hence the universality of moral principles is not incompatible with the existence of exclusions. The second problem is the substantiation of the application of categorical imperative in the theory of relevant act descriptions and accurate understanding of the difference between maxims and non-maxims. In Generalization in Ethics, Singer drew attention to this theme and philosophers have proposed some suggestions to solve this problem. I describe ideas of H.J. Paton, H. Potter, O. O’Neill and M. Timmons. Paton coined the teleological-law theory. According to Potter, the best criterion for the relevant act descriptions is causal one. O’N eill suggested the inconsistency-of-intention theory. Timmons defended the causal-law theory. My claim is that the teleological-law theory and the causal-law theory fail to solve the relevant act descriptions problem and the causal criterion and the inconsistency-of-intention theory have their limits. From this, I conclude that these approaches cannot be the basis for clarifying the connection between universality and morality, in contrast to Singer’s approach, which, therefore, is better than others to clarify the nature of universality in morality. (shrink)

An unbiased analysis of the history of the coexistence of church institutions and politics in any state shows that the chronicle of such coexistence appears, in large part, as a history of attempts to use, with greater or lesser success, on the one hand, by church political structures, and on the other, by the church of political structures, or politicians. The history of these interconnected relationships goes back to the times when both institutions in the process of their formation and (...) development began to represent a certain socially influential force, a real and potential resource which could be used to solve operational and strategic political or religious-church problems in any which field of social life. (shrink)

The paper is devoted to the analysis of Kant’s approach to the ideas of universality and autonomy as the constitutive features of morality. The paper shows that Kant’s findings concerning these ideas were anticipated by the previous history of moral philosophy, mainly by the modern moral philosophers, who focused specifically on the elaboration of the philosophical concept of morality. Kant’s peculiar role was that, firstly, he conceptualized the ideas of universality and autonomy and formulated corresponding principles; secondly, Kant integrated both (...) principles into the concept of moral law and revealed the way by which the formula of universality and the formula of autonomy together with formula of humanity constitute the supreme principle of morality and essentially express the sense of morality itself. Kant believed that the reason for the failure of the previous attempts to explicate the supreme principle of morality was inability to understand that the moral agent is subject not only to universal but at the same time his own legislation. Thirdly, Kant, unlike his predecessors, in his examination of universality didn’t appeal to the human nature or nature of things. Fourthly, he underlined that the principle of universality and the principle of autonomy were not only interconnected but also shaped each other: the determination of will may be identified as a universal principle only if it is given through a moral agent’s rational will. And a moral agent may be identified as autonomous only if in his decisions and actions he is guided by principles that are universalizable. (shrink)

The universality test is a significant reflective procedure, owing to which Kant’s categorical imperative is brought into proximity with moral practice and with an agent’s decisions made in particular circumstances and at the face of value collisions. The test is to be done in every single case by a moral agent her/himself and it aims to examine a selected maxim for its universality, that is to its congruity to universal and necessary moral law and hence to its moral dignity. This (...) issue has been broadly developed during the last century either within Kant studies, or in positive philosophical discussions, often sharply polemical. The paper represents some positions in those discussions. No matter how important the universality test in an agent’s moral decisions, so far universality signifies one of three embodiments of the categorical imperative, it would be wrong to consider the test the only criterion of moral dignity. This is true both within the Kantian conception of morality and more so beyond it. The paper proposes the Golden Rule as a critical correlation to the categorical imperative with its universality test. The rule also presupposes a kind of universalizability procedure. However, if the universality test set up by the categorical imperative is based on congruence of a maxim with the universal law, universalizability grounded on the Golden Rule consists in delocalization of intentions by taking into consideration the Other in her/his general and particular dispositions. (shrink)

The main goal of the article is to reconstruct the conceptual bases of the original sociological project contained in David Hume’s Treatise of Human Nature. The core of Humean sociology is a meticulously designed doctrine of passions. The foci of the Humean doctrine of passions are the questions of influences observed between the emotional component of human nature and the multiple forms of human actions. According to David Hume, the faculty of imagination, which operates on ideas, is not by itself (...) able to supply a set of regular and uniform practices for an agent. The real foundations for any agent’s habitual form of action are always emotions and passions. The influences of emotions and passions on an agent have various natures: emotions as the primary impressions initiate actions performed by an agent, and passions, as secondary impressions, put these activities into a regular and uniform shape. These very passions define the nature and structure of an agent’s habits, avoiding the traditional logical difficulties in solving the riddle of induction. A habit does not arise as a simple result from the multiple performances of these or that actions, but it is formed by predilections of an agent of activity. Against the backgrounds of a burgeoning interest in contemporary social sciences and a variety of practice-oriented theories and concepts, Humean sociology finds a new theoretical practicality, demonstrating the strength of its arguments and the ability to become a new important source of conceptual intuitions in the social sciences. (shrink)

The theses of the All-Ukrainian scientific and theoretical conference "Political and legal mentality of Ukrainian society in the context of European integration".

ENG: The essence of the problem of transcendental subject in Kant’s philosophy is considered. The special place of this subject in Kant’s transcendental critical project is defined. The author takes into account not only Kant’s theoretical philosophy, within frame of which the transcendental subject has been first stated, but also practical philosophy, in which the potential and purpose of this subject most completely fulfil. The concept of the transcendental subject is not identical to the subject of thinking, as well as (...) it is not a vestige of pre-Kantian metaphysics. The concept of the transcendental subject is complicated refraction of different representations from rational psychology, metaphysics of substance and critical project in itself. // RUS: Выявляется сущность проблемы трансцендентального субъекта в философии И. Канта. Показывается особое место понятия трансцендентального субъекта в трансцендентально-критическом проекте немецкого мыслителя. При этом во внимание принимается не только теоретическая философия И. Канта, где впервые был заявлен трансцендентальный субъект, но и практическая философия, в рамках которой наиболее полно раскрывается потенциал и предназначение этого субъекта, далеко не тождественного субъекту мышления, но и не являющегося просто рудиментом докантовской метафизики. Содержание понятия трансцендентального субъекта оказывается сложным преломлением различных представлений из рациональной психологии, метафизики субстанции и собственно критического проекта. (shrink)

The article puts forward the idea of the possibility to consider the city itself as a special legal phenomenon. The basis of this assumption is the anthropological definition of the city and the understanding of law through feeling of law. The rationale includes two points. Firstly, the city is a fundamentally new type of social connections, not lineal or tribal. The complex combination of people together who are strangers by gender and place of birth requires the development of some interaction (...) standards, which are based on the recognition of another equal to oneself. Secondly, the source of the birth of city law is the organization of the city territory, by horizontal and vertical dimensions for the settlement. Both points are possible for the early stages of the development of human society due to the rethinking of religion. The city turns out to be a kind of “crossroads” of fragments of the old legal systems, and a fundamentally new form of citizen’s understanding of his own social being and his status in being arises on the basis. City law appears as a form of expression of a citizen’s new selfconsciousness and his special understanding of his place and function in the universe. (shrink)

The article studies the influence of the newest undemocratic regimes on the intensity of corruption practice in politics. It states that the current trend is the emergence of undemocratic regimes of a new type, which are characterized by the dynamic interconnection of coercion and corruption, which lead to corruptive seizure of power. It is noteworthy that such regimes have arisen in the states that had overthrown the totalitarian regime, but have not formed a democracy. Instead they have created a specific (...) system of methods of exercising powers, which is not strictly authoritarian, but at the same time it does not conform to the standards of democracy. Such states with neo-authoritarian regimes include, among others, the sovereign states of former USSR in the Central Asian region. Their example reveals how the type of political regime affects the level of political corruption and whether such states are able to reduce the manifestations of these unlawful actions or whether the anti-corruption strategies and declarations are nothing more than just populist instruments. The author states that the level of corruption is extremely high in all the states of Central Asia, which have personalist neo-authoritarian regimes: Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, as well as in Kyrgyzstan, which has corporative type of regime. The author concludes that political corruption in the states of Central Asia has become profound and systematic. Its scale is defined as a threat to the progressive development of the states of this region. The article draws attention to the set of factors contributing to the corrupt practices in politics, which include: the weakness of civil society and the offensive of neo-authoritarian governments against its institutions; lack of public control and accountability of politicians; strong clan traditions; declarative installation of some elements of democracy; dependence of the key political decisions on the head of state etc. (shrink)

The issue of political stability is one of the most important research problems of modern political science. The issue of political stability does not occur by itself – pressure of an internal and external environment on the political system is the condition that makes the existing power to find new ways and sources of stabilization system. One of the most important aspects of this problem is to determine the factors and the formation of a system of indicators that influence the (...) formation of political stability and will make it possible to give a rough estimate of its condition. In this study, based on analysis of studies of Western scholars and political practice, it was attempted to identify the peculiarities of the social and economic factors on political stability. (shrink)

In the article grounded, that informative safety occupies one of key places in the system of providing vitally of important interests of all countries. It is foremost conditioned by the urgent necessity of creation of the developed informative environment of society. But ex- actly through an informative environment mostly come true threat to national safety in the different spheres of activity of personality, society and state. In modern terms there was a requirement in overthinking and clarification of problem of informative (...) safety through the prism of existential and network practices taking into account modern ambivalent of in- formative processes. It is shown that network practices of providing of informative safety have a row of features that is set by character of social practices in a cyberspace and network, stream organization of virtual space. It is shown, that modern tendencies different personality and social anomalies can cause in the field of information, that unavoidable will put both personality and public safety under a threat. At the same time, without regard to the sub- stantial enough working of problem of informative safety, unity in understanding of essence of phenomenon of informative safety in the context of the network for existential measuring in a modern scientific paradigm it is not. Summarizing socio-philosophical comprehension of this problem in unfortunately there are not levels on a due. Network practices of providing of informative safety are determined by a functional value, but not the place where are subjects at. Locations are now determined the by derivatives from the submachine’s of informative network. In other words, made decision in a network, but come true locally and territorial. An event «in place» becomes to the derivatives from an event in a network knot. This feature is the basis of essence of practices of both providing of informative safety and realization of aggression, for example, of hybrid wars. For example, today an aggressor can conduct informative wars on any territories, being in a comfortable for him place and at any time, keeping the anonymity. It is shown that complication of social co-operations and increase of their intensity in the conditions of cyberspace are conditioned by matrix nature of network space that results in high variety of practices of providing of safety. Network communicative space pro- duces the efficiency presented by the new system of social limitations. Interests of subjects remain, develop and increased, and, the necessity of certain efficiency is kept and increased as a guarantor of safe co-operation in a network. To such state peculiar large enough degree of spontaneity, chance, disorganization of social co-operation, and are dangers. More difficult, reflective comprehension of freedom – «paradoxical freedom» is con- ceived in life of society. Her descriptions are the inevitable imposing and assuming of responsibility for the obvious and latent consequences of risks: a social subject is put in the terms of life, when it is necessary constantly to choose. It appears that it is simply impossible not to choose something or someone taking into account the factor of immedi- ate or set aside, obvious or latent risks. The estimations of the done choice are actively varied in social and cultural space and change in time. A choice, that became functional, effective for one cultural space, is not universal for other cultures. Deviation in one valued- normative space becomes an innovation in other. «Risk freedom» becomes the norm of practices of providing of safety. To it some movement of focus of attention of society is related from a norm to the value. In a modern cyberspace in a greater measure an orientation develops on a value, but not orientation on a norm. On the other hand, absence of the single valued system is another feature of network «social order» that generates a variety and development of tolerance. Contemporaneity is characterized by an orientation on the new methods of selection, that admits stability and safety to the prospect. Network the Internet presents space of most closeness and intensity of communication. The different types of social structures, that is set by an orientation, closeness and intensity of informative streams, predetermine the different forms of co-ordination in society. Grounded, that branching of ways of providing of informative safety in the conditions of network communications of informative society is set by such criterion, as a level of intensity of communication. Pro- viding of informative safety, foremost in the Internet, are the practical operating under overcoming of breaks and protecting from information. Overcoming of breaks comes true with the aim of orientation in general informative space for the purpose control after in- formation. Drawn conclusion, that informative safety is protecting the information and protecting from information. Providing of informative safety in the conditions of informa- tive society is a necessity that becomes the attribute of modern life of any social subject, and requires incessant work with information that includes for itself co-operating with different consulting models, where localization of action, providing of freedom and mini- mization of risk are. (shrink)

Not only quality of life and health of population depends on the level of environmental and legal culture of citizens, but persistent development of Ukraine and its national security. Social transformations and realizing the ideas of constitutional state unnecessary predict an energization of environmental mediation. Its task is to provide an adequate solution of environmental conflicts and crimes, and also to change the paradigm of participants’ thoughts of legal education. Environmental mediation is considered as a factor of development of the (...) system of legal education, that influences on the formation of high level of legal culture and citizen’s justice. It is substantiated that the environmental mediation has to be studied in the social philosophy and philosophy of law because these branches of knowledge may apply to the ideological basis of environmental mediation resolution and substantiate its role as a factor of legal education of the modern citizen. It is well-known that the legal educational aspect of studying of environmental mediation involves necessity of consideration of the general outlook and value of principles that form the basis of environmental ethics of society and citizens, and also are the foundation of environmental legal education, one of the subjects of those is the institute of the environmental mediation. The suggested eco-philosophical paradigm, according to which the leading idea of co-evolutionary development of human and the biosphere is considered as precondition and a factor of the noosphere development. It is shown that the issue of the establishment of environmental oriented personality, its ability to build a reasonable relationship with the environment, awareness of importance of affirmation of a new strategy of social and natural development and the importance of the ideas of the noosphere future of society and nature have to be thought not only by philosophers, but also by experts in the field of environmental mediation. Becoming the only elements of culture in general and legal culture in particular, they will be available for the perception of many members of society and will occupy a prominent place in their minds. It will let «to fill» consciousness of subjects and objects of legal education by eco-philosophical ideas and concepts and will become a factor of the assertion of harmonious human relationships with the natural environment and the realization of its humanistic ideals. The conclusion: environmental mediation as a factor of legal education has to affirm the paradigm of such formation of values, where there is the idea of self-worth of another person, the idea of the unity of human and nature, the search of a dynamic balance between human activities and natural biogeocenoses, overcome the human alienation from nature, developing environmental outlook and ethical and environmental imperative of human subsistence are taken as a basis. (shrink)

The article investigates the origin and formation of concepts political technology. Reveals the connection between political and social technologies. Discovered level of development of political technology concept in political science. The basic scientific approaches to understanding the nature and essence of the concept political technology. The necessity of a comprehensive study of political technologies as a form of social technologies. On the modern stage of political development the technological constituent of policy in domestic science is characterized partial research. At the (...) same time, this sphere causes interest of politicians, research workers and upravlinciv. The various going near the analysis of political technologies form various determinations. Political science determines political technologies as «aggregate of principles, methods and procedures, that the subjects of political activity use. Political technologies, based on a theoretical analysis. Usually sutnistniy maintenance of political technologies is bound to electoral technologies, pr-technologies, and also with the political marketing. About it mashtabne application and distribution testifies them for influence on mass consciousness during hustings. The important aspect of electoral communications is Public Relations. In Ukrainian political science conducted not enough researches from this problems. In world political science the various aspects of Public Relations are presented in more than 500 determinations. Within the limits of the generalized approach this concept is understood as science and direction of practical activity of people in relation to optimization of communicative space. In conducted modern pr-campaigns theoretical basis is conception of situation control of events and problems. It foresees intellectual co-operation from MASS-MEDIA, the main task of which is expulsing of negative information, maintainance of control of informative space, strengthening of public support. Pr-technologies, which serve political parties, candidates, institutes of state power, develop in a few directions. From creation of information message to the origin of public trust to the candidate or party it is necessary to overcome a difficult communicative way. The uses of simple charts of forming of public opinion, as a rule, do not give positive results. Not taking into account the mediated factors and not watching the change of moods, it is possible not only not to get the expected result but also produce a negative image of politician or parties. Made the following conclusions. Political technology is a part of social technologies and play an important role in modern society. The extent of their development and perfection is an indicator of the maturity of the political institutions of the state. They reflect the diversity and complexity of modern society. Political technologies with its complex structure. The type of political technology depends on the degree of political system of society. Political control and communication technology used in politics to solve specific problems. In society Transitive type of main problems of political management is to develop the best tools for solving political problems, as well as compliance with the principles of the technologies morality. In Ukraine, unfortunately mostly used manipulative political technologies. Through their application cover undemocratic procedures carried out under democratic slogans. Manipulative technologies are means of deception of citizens. This in turn does not contribute to the democratization of Ukraine. Therefore, the most urgent is to develop measures to counter political manipulation at the national level. (shrink)

It is shown that there is essence transformation of concept of freedom and responsibility in informative society. It is shown, that the modern stage of development of civilization is characterized by destruction of cultural traditions, devaluation of the national valued systems and lining up the new on a base values of the western world, and also by the global crisis of responsibility. It is shown that as the basic circulated models come forward: society of consumption, mass culture, freedom in the (...) western understanding, modernisation of western type as vector only faithful development of any public system. These reference-points are translated and fastened through the channels of mass communication. Together with them new axiological reference-points, as that pluralism, nihilizm and relativism, come forward in relations, are translated, that, in turn, results in the innermost crisis of all types of responsibility. Thus, the modern stage of development of society is characterized deeply by contradictory tendencies in the field of politics, economy, culture, that shows up in the crisis of responsibility. Attention actualized on that all these processes require a serious scientific comprehension and analysis of the systems, sent to the exposure of specific features of this phenomenon for making of algorithm of actions, assisting a removal or even softening of existent contradictions. It is underlined that the virtualization of society can become reason of displacing of frames of society, that appeals to the crisis of political and ethic responsibility and requires the serious going near development of complex of measures, from one side, on informatively-psychological defense of personality, and, with other, on securing of all frames of society for an intergovernmental level. It is shown that on this stage of forming of culture of informative society of contradiction in a culture generated the system crisis of responsibility: ethic, political, economic, both on individual and on collective levels. In informative society, restructuring of cultural space caused transformation of cultural values. Now freedom becomes an attempt finally to break off with dependence on society, orientation on the extreme degree of individual desires and necessities, by absence of some responsibility before society. Humanity searches methods, how to attain all greater freedom, taking off traditional embargoes, renouncing an attempt to stick somebody’s will and what that was not authorities. Freedom becomes an end in itself. She accepts different forms: from freedom of speech, allowing to use an unnormative vocabulary in the spoken and writing language to taking off an embargo on doing drug and legalization of same-sex marriages. Such display of freedom serves reason of serious social contradictions. It is underlined that freedom of choice is unthinkable without responsibility for the consequences of the accomplished elections: by individuals, groups of people, including, as nations, people, nationalities, operating by means of frames of society and social educations, the top of that are the states, their unions and international institutes, creating norms, rules, orders and limitations for any world legal subject. Complete freedom can not be: under no circumstances, and not under what circumstances and than higher level of knowledge of people about the place and role in the world, the possible limits of freedom and absence of freedom become more determined, their veritable sense is opened and a value is grasped. Collective freedom and complementary absence of freedom, I am not that another, as objective and that is why immutable knowledge of associations of people about the maximum borders of the safe existence, the following exposes infinite possibilities of common to all mankind development. It is shown that over globalization, as concomitant to informatively-technological revolution process, brings to globalization of irresponsible behavior, and also to globalization of consequences of such irresponsibility. At existent contradictions and conflicts becomes obvious, that global irresponsibility becomes not only a threat to the individuals or task forces, but to all frames of society, and also planet on the whole. Authorial position is grounded, that the degree of responsibility must be straight proportional to possibilities of society, that society must revise the system of moral values, produce the mechanisms of defense, that principle of responsibility will be the basis of. This principle must imply maximization of all kinds and levels of responsibility, and also, taking into account interdependence of all elements of society and dependence of nature from the actions of man, making of intergovernmental ethic conception that would predetermine transformation of economic, political and legal relations. (shrink)

The article discusses the features of the innovative type of social development and reveals the essence of an innovative society. The conditions of its formation. Particular attention is given to the quality of higher education. We study the system of higher educa- tion quality: quality of higher education building, the quality of the process of higher edu- cation and quality results of higher education. Different approaches to ensure the quality of higher education as a prerequisite for becoming an innovative society (...) in Ukraine. Critical to the innovative development of higher education Ukraine should solve the problem of quality assurance. Its review should be carried out in the context of the Bologna Process, to which Ukraine was in 2005. Being a member of the Bologna process, Ukraine has committed to work to bring the quality of national education in line with Europeanмstandards and harmonization of legal and regulatory changes in higher education accord- ing to the standards and recommendations of the European higher education. The real change in the quality assurance of higher education institutions of higher education must take place with the implementation of the Law «On higher education», according to which the defined quality assurance system of higher education, which consists of: 1) system of universities as educational activities and quality of higher education ; 2) a system of external quality assurance of higher education institutions and quality assurance; 3) quality assurance system of the National Agency for Quality Assurance in higher education institutions and independent assessment and quality assurance. Effective tool to ensure the quality of higher education in Ukraine serve European and national qualifications framework, including Qualifications Frame- work European Higher Education Area, the European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning, the National Qualifications Framework and the imple- mentation of internal and external quality assurance in accordance with the standards and guidelines for quality Assurance in the European higher education area. Thus, innovative society marks a transition from a society based on industrial technologies to society, the basic content of which is innovation. It connects humanity with innovations its future fate, seeing them as the main source of social needs and the most important means of solving practical and spiritual problems. One of the most important conditions for innovative development of Ukrainian society is quality assurance, to ensure which requires imple- mentation of competency approach to the analysis of the quality of higher education, the implementation of complex tools of internal and external quality assurance in accordance with the standards and recommendations of the European Higher Education as a basis for the integration of the national system of quality assurance in the European system of as- sessment of learning outcomes of higher education applicants. (shrink)

It is shown that in connection with the globalization of the modern world, conditioned, first of all, by the rates of introduction of information technologies, in development of culture clearly lag of civilization progress appeared from scientific and technical. Civiliza-tion progress submits to other conformities to law, that is related not to dying off all tra- ditional, but with his cultivation. In this connection the problem of harmonization of in- novative and traditional forms of culture needs a study. One of (...) variants of decision of this problem globalization of culture that understands as unity of variety would become plural- ism of cultural forms within the framework of single universal cultural space. Attention is accented on that development of technologies and forming of openness of access to different information allows to avoid temporal outage, that was peculiar to the processes that took place before. It assists creation of informative global society unreserved the scopes of the separate states. Information, knowledge become the major resource of globalization presently. Marked, that the process of globalization, sent to creation of the only, integrated so- ciety, that functions through general informatively-economic networks, is capable to decide many problems, that arise up on the way of development of humanity, and on the whole estimate this process positively. It is underlined that globalization of culture is a process of integration of separate national cultures in an only world culture on the basis of devel- opment of transport vehicles, economic connections and facilities of communication. Globalization of culture in the modern world – it dialectical contradictory process, in that tendencies of integration and differentiation, conflicts and collaboration, universal and particularly does not eliminate each other, but are mutually providing for progress trends. Globalization of culture and her contradiction it is suggested to examine in two measuring: in the scale of society, and also in the scale of the system of societies. Marked, that important for understanding of complication and contradiction of process of globalization of culture there are tendencies in the modern world, directions after that development of global public process comes true: cultural polarization, cultural assimila- tion, cultural hybridization and cultural isolation. Grounded, that the dialogue of cultures historically arises up in the process of communication of representatives of different cul- tures or between subcultures within the limits of clearly certain space-temporal continuum. Such co-operation takes place under right culture, what tra- ditional for subjects communications. These norms of culture, as a rule, have symbolic, sign character. In the process of globalization the methods of co-operation of different cultures are various enough. Exactly an analysis of methods of co-operation of cultures in the process of globalization, in opinion of authors of the article, is the most perspective approach, because allows to systematize all possible variants of dialogue of cultures, in- cluding those that were considered before. Drawn conclusion, that globalization of culture in the modern world is a difficult, dialectical contradictory process, in that tendencies of integration and differentiation, conflicts and collaboration, universalization and particularity does not eliminate each other, but are mutually providing for progress trends. Examining the problems of global- ization, it is necessary to remember, that a culture of any society is the difficult system the elements of that are traditional and innovative cultural forms, subculture of different social associations, groups, religious confessions and others like that. Except the certain lines of unity, between the elements of the social and cultural system, and alsobetween cultures on the whole, there are certain differences that at co-operation of subjects in the process of globalization can acquire the different states: from integration to the conflict. In the process of globalization, objectively there are communications between the representatives of different cultures or between subcultures. Research- ers distinguish, as a rule, a few basic methods co-operations of cultures, as a result of that or social and cultural experience of people and concords is enriched, or ethnic cultural contradictions become sharp. Basic among them are: actualization, cultural expansion, cultural diffusion, synthesis of cultures and others. (shrink)

This text is an English translation of those several sections of the original paper in Russian, where collection-related issues are considered. The full citation of the original paper is as following: Pavlinov I.Ya. 2016. [Bioraznoobrazie i biokollektsii: problema sootvetstvia]. In: Pavlinov I.Ya. (comp.). Aspects of Biodiversity. Archives of Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vol. 54, Pр. 733–786. -/- Orientation of biology, as a natural science, on the study and explanation of the similarities and differences between organisms led in (...) the second half of the 20th century to the recognition of a specifi c subject area of biological explorations, viz. biodiversity (BD). One of the important general scientifi c prerequisites for this shift was understanding that (at the level of ontology) the structured diversity of the living nature is its fundamental property equivocal to subjecting of some of its manifestations to certain laws. At the level of epistemology, this led to acknowledging that the “diversifi cationary” approach to description of the living beings is as justifi able as the before dominated “unifi cationary” one. This general trend has led to a signifi cant increase in the attention to BD. From a pragmatic perspective, its leitmotif was conservation of BD as a renewable resource, while from a scientifi c perspective the leitmotif was studying it was studying BD as a specifi c natural phenomenon. These two points of view are united by recognition of the need for scientific substantiation of BD conservation strategy, which implies the need for a detailed study of BD itself. At the level of ontology, one of the key problems in the study of BD (leaving aside the question of its genesis) is determination of its structure, which is interpreted as a manifestation of the structure of the Earth’s biota itself. With this, it is acknowledged that the subject area of empirical explorations is not the BD as a whole ( “Umgebung”) but its particular manifestations (“Umwelts”). It is proposed herewith to recognized, within the latter: fragments of BD (especially taxa and ecosystems), hierarchical levels of BD (primarily within- and interorganismal ones), and aspects of BD (before all taxonomic and meronomic ones). Attention is drawn to a new interpretation of bioinformatics as a discipline that studies the information support of BD explorations. An important fraction of this support are biocollections. The scientifi c value of collections means that they make it possible both empirical inferring and testing (verification) of the knowledge about BD. This makes biocollections, in their epistemological status, equivalent to experiments, and so makes studies of BD quite scientific. It is emphasized that the natural objects (naturalia), which are permanently kept in collections, contain primary (objective) information about BD, while information retrieved somehow from them is a secondary (subjective) one. Collection, as an information resource, serves as a research sample in the studies of BD. Collection pool, as the totality of all collection materials kept in repositories according to certain standards, can be treated as a general sample, and every single collection as a local sample. The main characteristic of collection-as-sample is its representativeness; so the basic strategy of development of the collection pool is to maximize its representativeness as a means to ensure correspondence of structure of biocollection pool to that of BD itself. The most fundamental characteristic of collection, as an information resource, is its scientific signifi cance. The following three main groups of more particular characteristics are distinguished: — the “proper” characteristics of every collection are its meaningfulness, informativeness, reliability, adequacy, documenting, systematicity, volume, structure, uniqueness, stability, lability; — the “external” characteristics of collection are resolution, usability, ethic constituent; — the “service” characteristics of collection are its museofication, storage system security, inclusion in metastructure, cost. In the contemporary world, development of the biocollection pool, as a specific resource for BD research, requires considerable organizational efforts, including work on their “information support” aimed at demonstrating the necessity of existence of the biocollections. (shrink)

Abstract: The study observes the core of both trafficking in persons and security offering a preliminary understanding the interconnection between the two concepts which is indeed a precondition of the more thorough contemplation of this security problem. Noteworthy is also the further elaboration of the risk that link between violence and modern-day slavery represents having in mind society and the individual. This informal economy violates the principle of morality and is understood to be one of the most offensive crimes. Its (...) elementary features are psychological and/ or physical torture, coercing into engaging in the violation of the law and established social norms as well as transporting and harboring. The consequence of all of this is the material gain, whereas the victim appears as Machiavellian means the gain will justify. Trafficking emerges in different forms, the most discernible of which are forced labor and sexual exploitation that is among the hardest forms of desecrating human soul. Unfortunately, it is a common phenomenon that many people (some independent estimates mention a figure of several million) around the world, women and children, in particular, every year become victims of this violence. Tough living conditions, as well as uncertain economic future, are among fundamental causes infecting healthy society. If a well-organised criminal network or a ‘hidden economy’ succeeds to impose the rule of conduct, then human trafficking finds fertile soil in which to grow. Having been lured the victims later realize where they are, but many never return to their families, and that terrible fate should make society do what can be done and help them. -/- Key words: Human, state, trafficking, security, smuggling. (shrink)

The article deals with the problem of updating the philosophical world outlook. It is solved with introduction of the principle of unity, correlation of being and history as the foundation of the philosophical world view of a man and a man’relationship to the world. The article consists of three sections. The first of them is dealt with the genus-species interpretation of the philosophical world outlook and its structure. The second section offers the results of the investigation of historical forms of (...) opposites dialectics and metaphysics, making specific historical dialectic consideration of positive and negative dialectics considering the example of the historical development of our country since 1985. In the third section is explicated correlation «life and consciousness» and «life and history» in the context of philosophical ontology. (shrink)

In order to clarify the objectives of bankruptcy, to reveal the true essence of bankruptcy procedure and the origin of legal terms, it is necessary to ascertain the nature of this institute of law, as well as the reasons for its creation and development. This article provides historic analysis of the development of the institute of bankruptcy procedure. For this purpose, a historic comparative research is undertaken in the article, in order to find certain parallels of bankruptcy procedure under Roman (...) law and the modern bankruptcy procedure. Roman law has been chosen as the most phenomenal ancient law for the purposes of undertaking a historic analysis of the development of bankruptcy procedure. In the authors’ opinion, it it the best example that reveals the origin of bankruptcy procedure, and the reasons for its formation. Analysis of certain private law institutes of Roman law enables the authors to conclude that the main features (principles) of the bankruptcy procedure formed precisely under Roman law: replacement of personal liability by pecuniary; public auction as a form of realization of debtor’s property; transition from selling of debtor’s property as a whole to disposal of property in divided property units; creation of subject, who administers auctions of debtor’s property under oath not to act in selfish purposes; setting of a term of 30 days, during which a debtor has to cover the debts (claims’ dispute resolution); establishment of the institute of informing creditors about initiated procedures of debt retrieval and encouragement to join these procedures; establishment of the ban to recover debts from household items; laying of the foundations of the institute of peace agreement between the debtor and his creditors; establishment of actio Pauliana - a remedy for the protection of creditors rights. The mentioned rules in one way or another eventually have been transferred to legal acts on legal relations in case of bankruptcy of many foreign countries. (shrink)