У статті аналізуються джерела активності та розвитку історії філософії. Головна увага звертається на Світовий дух – суб’єкт історії філософії як логіки поняття та концептуальний персонаж – суб’єкт історії філософії як логіки смислу, філософську логіку та філософську евристику. Обґрунтовується діалектичний зв’язок між Світовим духом як абсолютним чи універсальним суб’єктом і концептуальним персонажем як індивідуальним суб’єктом.

У статті проводиться аналіз етимології феномену космополітизму через розгляд варіантів написання слів космополітизм, космополіт та космополіс. на основі проведеного аналізу сформульовано комплексне трактування досліджуваного концепту.

Without knowledge of the theory, we can’t do concrete actions, that is, without the knowledge of the theoretical framework of conflict studies we can’t do any practical steps for conflict management. The purpose of the article is to highlight the main features of the theory of conflict thoughts. Conflicts existed always and everywhere, and with a development of society there are more of their form, features, methods and ways to solve conflicts. However, historical experience shows us that the same conflicts (...) have not existed. Each conflict is somehow different from the previous one. Therefore, the study of the theoretical foundations of conflict originated in ancient times and continues to this day. The study of political conflicts in ancient times we can find in the writings and teachings of ancient thinkers. Teachings of the subject of conflict were vague, and the concept of the dynamics and structure of the conflict was not considered at all, but it is often considered that the conflict in society is inevitable. The features of ideas about conflict studies that have been developed in the views of thinkers of the Middle Ages, were that they were mostly religious in nature. At this time acquired its distribution so-called theory of fair war. And only during the beginning of the nineteenth century in science has established the idea of internal contradictions, conflicts policy. Proof of this was that fact, that such famous scientists like A. Tocqueville, K. Marx, G. Simmel, and later K. Boulding, L. Coser, A. Bentley and other theorists have started to consider conflicts as the main source of policy that consists in major changes in the political landscape. However, we want to add that most of the political conflict theories developed in the theory of social conflict. But also most researchers and political scientists of our time distinguish three areas of political conflict theories: the theory of political structures, the theory of political stability and ethno-political theory. (shrink)